本書是根據(jù)《大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱》(理工科本科用)的要求編寫的,所選材料涉及環(huán)境科學(xué)的不同領(lǐng)域,內(nèi)容分為七個部分,每個部分含若干單元。每個單元由一篇課文和閱讀材料組成,共計(jì)64篇。各單元練習(xí)配有主觀題和客觀題,學(xué)生在完成這些練習(xí)題的基礎(chǔ)上能夠全面理解課文,拓展知識面和提高整體的語言運(yùn)用能力。本書旨在作為高等院校環(huán)境科學(xué)本科生和研究生的專業(yè)英語教材,也可供相關(guān)專業(yè)人員學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境科學(xué)專業(yè)英語使用。
序 言
環(huán)境專業(yè)英語是在大學(xué)英語之后,環(huán)境專業(yè)本科生和研究生所需要掌握的應(yīng)用型英語,其目的是讓學(xué)生更多地了解國際環(huán)境科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的最新研究成果和發(fā)展動態(tài),閱讀、撰寫和發(fā)表英文學(xué)術(shù)論文,參與國際學(xué)術(shù)交流與合作。
作者從事環(huán)境科學(xué)翻譯20余年,對環(huán)境專業(yè)英語的價值有比較深刻的認(rèn)識,在執(zhí)教環(huán)境專業(yè)英語的過程中一直在思考:環(huán)境專業(yè)英語教材應(yīng)當(dāng)包含哪些內(nèi)容?教師該怎么教?學(xué)生該怎么學(xué)?通過這些年的思考和學(xué)生對現(xiàn)有教材的評價及其對未來教材的期望,作者產(chǎn)生了自己編寫環(huán)境專業(yè)英語教材的構(gòu)想。
作者認(rèn)為,環(huán)境專業(yè)英語課程的教學(xué)目的主要是兩個方面,一是培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生對英語科技文獻(xiàn)快速而系統(tǒng)的閱讀能力,二是培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生對科技文獻(xiàn)資料的英漢互譯能力(而通常強(qiáng)調(diào)的是英語寫作能力)。要達(dá)成上述目的,必然涉及大量的專業(yè)詞匯和英語科技文獻(xiàn)的語法、句法特點(diǎn)的運(yùn)用,而專業(yè)詞匯的積累,語法、句法特點(diǎn)的把握,只有通過大量的閱讀和英漢互譯,方能收到事半功倍之效。因此,只有學(xué)生強(qiáng)化了閱讀能力和英漢互譯能力,其聽說讀寫譯能力會得到全面的提升。
根據(jù)高等學(xué)校理工科《英語教學(xué)大綱》的要求和作者確定的教學(xué)目的,作者在閱讀材料的選擇中全面考慮了所涉及的單詞和主題,并在練習(xí)中增加了能夠真正檢驗(yàn)學(xué)生閱讀能力的練習(xí)題。本書共分7個部分,每個部分分若干單元,共32個單元,每個單元由一篇課文和一篇或多篇閱讀材料組成。課文的內(nèi)容是環(huán)境科學(xué)的一些基礎(chǔ)原理,閱讀材料是相應(yīng)主題的延伸和新技術(shù)介紹。根據(jù)課文內(nèi)容,配有相應(yīng)練習(xí)題、注釋和詞匯表。課文和閱讀材料均選自英文原版教材、科技報(bào)告、學(xué)術(shù)著作、專業(yè)期刊、國際會議論文集等,涵蓋了環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)的相關(guān)領(lǐng)域。具體內(nèi)容如下:
Part 1 介紹環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程的內(nèi)涵及產(chǎn)生背景、全球環(huán)境問題等。
Part 2 介紹空氣污染與控制,包括能源利用及能源效率(空氣污染產(chǎn)生的主要原因)、空氣污染類型及來源、空氣污染影響、空氣污染模擬及污染物排放估算方法、傳統(tǒng)的和創(chuàng)新的空氣污染治理技術(shù)等。
Part 3 介紹水污染及控制,包括水污染來源及種類、污水化學(xué)、污水中主要污染物的毒性影響、各種污水處理工藝、農(nóng)業(yè)活動中產(chǎn)生的新興的污染物等。
Part 4 介紹固體廢棄物及處理方法,包括固體廢物的來源及分類、垃圾填埋場對環(huán)境和健康的影響、危險(xiǎn)廢物管理、固體廢物的回收及利用等。
Part 5 介紹噪聲污染、土壤污染及控制技術(shù)。
Part 6 介紹環(huán)境工程中常用的技術(shù)手段,包括環(huán)境影響評價、生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評價及環(huán)境監(jiān)測技術(shù)等。
Part 7 介紹污染預(yù)防,包括污染預(yù)防的基本概念和原則、綠色化學(xué)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的基本原理以及生物技術(shù)的運(yùn)用等。
本書的編寫得到了重慶工商大學(xué)教材項(xiàng)目建設(shè)的資助,同時也得到了重慶工商大學(xué)環(huán)境與資源學(xué)院領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的大力支持。在編寫的過程中,作者參閱了不少有益的資料和書籍,吸取了同行專家的寶貴經(jīng)驗(yàn)。同時也得到了部分學(xué)生的問卷調(diào)查支持。謹(jǐn)在此一并表示感謝。
由于環(huán)境科學(xué)的多學(xué)科性,加之作者的水平有限,本書在材料選擇上和文字處理上難免有疏漏和不妥之處,懇請讀者不吝指教,使本書在使用過程中不斷得到完善。
游 霞
2015年10于重慶工商大學(xué)
游霞,副教授,1986年于四川外語學(xué)院獲得文學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位,2000年于英國BRUNEL大學(xué)獲得環(huán)境管理碩士學(xué)位,1988—2001年分別在重慶環(huán)境科學(xué)院和重慶市環(huán)境保護(hù)局從事環(huán)境保護(hù)國際合作項(xiàng)目管理及翻譯工作,2002至今任教于重慶工商大學(xué)環(huán)境與資源學(xué)院,主要擔(dān)任環(huán)境科學(xué)與工程專業(yè)英語和環(huán)境管理(雙語)課程教學(xué)工作。
Contents
Part 1 Introduction to Environmental Science and Engineering - 1 -
UNIT 1 What is Environmental Science? - 1 -
UNIT 2 What is Environmental Engineering? - 9 -
UNIT 3 Industrial Revolutions and Environmental Problems - 16 -
UNIT 4 Global Environmental Concerns - 24 -
Part 2 Air Pollution and Control - 33 -
UNIT 5 Energy and Energy Efficiency - 33 -
UNIT 6 Air Pollution, Sources and Characteristics - 41 -
UNIT 7 Health, Environmental and Climate Impact - 50 -
UNIT 8 Theory and Objectives of Air Dispersion Modeling - 58 -
UNIT 9 Approaches to Emission Estimation - 66 -
UNIT 10 Air Pollution Emission Control Devices for Stationary Sources - 72 -
UNIT 11 Biofiltration of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)-An Overview - 80 -
Part 3 Water Pollution and Control - 87 -
UNIT 12 Types and Sources of Water Pollution - 87 -
UNIT 13 Chemistry of Wastewater - 97 -
UNIT 14 Toxicological Effects of Major Environmental Pollutants: An Overview - 104 -
UNIT 15 Conventional Wastewater Treatment Process - 113 -
UNIT 16 Biological Wastewater Treatment - 122 -
UNIT 17 Advanced Wastewater Treatment - 135 -
UNIT 18 An Introduction to Water Chemistry in Freshwater Aquaculture - 144 -
UNIT 19 New and Emerging Water Pollutants Arising from Agriculture - 153 -
Part 4 Solid Waste and Disposal - 162 -
UNIT 20 Sources, Types and Composition of Solid Wastes - 162 -
UNIT 21 Impact of Municipal and Industrial Non-Hazardous Waste Landfills on
Public Health and the Environment: An Overview - 172 -
UNIT 22 Hazardous Waste Management - 180 -
UNIT 23 Waste to Energy - 190 -
UNIT 24 Technical Discussion of Plasma Gasification① - 201 -
Part 5 Noise Pollution and Soil Pollution - 210 -
UNIT 25 Assessing and Mitigating Noise Impacts - 210 -
UNIT 26 Soil Pollution - 219 -
Part 6 Scientific Instruments for Environmental Science - 227 -
UNIT 27 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) - 227 -
UNIT 28 Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment - 237 -
UNIT 29 Electrochemical Sensors for Environmental Monitoring: A Review of Recent
Technology - 252 -
Part 7 Pollution Prevention - 262 -
UNIT 30 Pollution Prevention Concepts and Principles - 262 -
UNIT 31 Green Chemistry and Technology for Sustainable Development Basic
Principles and Applications - 273 -
UNIT 32 The Application of Biotechnology to Industrial Sustainability - 282 -
Reference - 293
UNIT 1 What is Environmental Science?
Environmental science is a multidisciplinary academic field that integrates physical, biological and information sciences (including but not limited to ecology, biology, physics, chemistry, zoology, mineralogy, oceanology, limnology, soil science, geology, atmospheric science, geography and geodesy) to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment①. Today it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. Related areas of study include environmental studies and environmental engineering. Environmental studies incorporate more of the social sciences for understanding human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. Environmental engineering focuses on design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect. Environmental scientists work on subjects like the understanding of earth processes, evaluating alternative energy systems, pollution control and mitigation, natural resource management, and the effects of global climate change. Environmental issues almost always include an interaction of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Environmental scientists bring a systems approach to the analysis of environmental problems. Key elements of an effective environmental scientist include the ability to relate space, and time relationships as well as quantitative analysis.
Environmental science came alive as a substantive, active field of scientific investigation in the 1960s and 1970s driven by (a) the need for a multi-disciplinary approach to analyze complex environmental problems, (b) the arrival of substantive environmental laws requiring specific environmental protocols of investigation and (c) the growing public awareness of a need for action in addressing environmental problems. Event that spurred this development included the publication of Rachel Carson’s landmark environmental book Silent Spring② and helped increase the visibility of environmental issues and create this new field of study.
……