目錄
序
前言
導(dǎo)論 1
一、群體遺傳學(xué)的內(nèi)涵1
（一）基本概念1
（二）基本特性1
二、群體遺傳學(xué)的發(fā)展1
（一）產(chǎn)生群體遺傳學(xué)的理論前提1
（二）群體遺傳學(xué)奠基與形成1
（三）當(dāng)代群體遺傳學(xué)的發(fā)展2
三、群體遺傳學(xué)在遺傳學(xué)中的地位與意義3
第一章自然突變率4
一、自然突變率的直接測(cè)定4
（一）常染色體座位4
（二）性染色體座位6
二、自然突變率的間接估計(jì)7
（一）顯性基因8
（二）隱性伴性基因8
（三）常染色體隱性基因9
三、蛋白質(zhì)基因的自然演變率10
（一）直接測(cè)定法11
（二）蛋白質(zhì)座位突變率的間接估計(jì)13
第二章 Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律應(yīng)用18
一、Hardy-Weinberg定律的內(nèi)涵18
二、Hardy-Weinberg平衡的若干性質(zhì)19
三、斯奈德比值21
四、母子組合頻率25
五、伴性基因的 Hardy-Weinberg平衡28
（一）伴性基因頻率分布的理論分析28
（二）對(duì)理論的檢驗(yàn)32
第三章基因頻率的定向變化36
一、頻發(fā)突變36
（一）不存在回原（反突變）的頻發(fā)突變36
（二）存在回原的頻發(fā)突變37
二、遷移40
三、淘汰42
（一）淘汰部分隱性類型42
（二）淘汰全部隱性類型48
（三）淘汰部分隱性類型和部分雜合子50
（四）涉及超顯性的淘汰53
（五）關(guān)于淘汰的小結(jié)58
四、多因素的合并效應(yīng)60
第四章基因頻率的隨機(jī)變化66
一、遺傳漂變的度量和性質(zhì)66
（一）遺傳漂變66
（二）群體有效規(guī)模70
（三）近交增量（近交率）71
（四）有限群體遺傳變異消失的速度71
二、始祖效應(yīng)和瓶頸效應(yīng)72
（一）含義72
（二）始祖效應(yīng)和瓶頸效應(yīng)對(duì)家畜種群的影響72
第五章基因頻率分布與進(jìn)化過(guò)程74
一、基因頻率的分布函數(shù)74
二、適應(yīng)進(jìn)化75
（一）Wright的“適應(yīng)峰”學(xué)說(shuō)75
（二）適應(yīng)進(jìn)化論的基本主張77
（三）適應(yīng)進(jìn)化的可能方式77
（四）適應(yīng)進(jìn)化的具體演變情況78
三、分子進(jìn)化79
（一）關(guān)于蛋白質(zhì)分子進(jìn)化速度的研究成果79
（二）各種生物蛋白質(zhì)電泳分析揭示的大量多型現(xiàn)象81
四、關(guān)于中立說(shuō)-淘汰說(shuō)爭(zhēng)論的新進(jìn)展82
第六章群體中的遺傳變異85
一、遺傳多型的一般概念與保持機(jī)制85
（一）一般概念85
（二）有關(guān)例證統(tǒng)計(jì)85
（三）遺傳多型形成的概率分析86
（四）保持群體遺傳多型狀態(tài)的遺傳學(xué)機(jī)制87
二、群體遺傳變異的分析87
（一）若干基本概念87
（二）群體遺傳多樣性的度量方法88
（三）群體內(nèi)孟德?tīng)栃誀畋硇妥儺惖蔫b別92
三、遺傳負(fù)荷97
（一）概念97
（二）遺傳負(fù)荷的一般度量方法97
（三）遺傳負(fù)荷的性質(zhì)97
（四）遺傳負(fù)荷的起因97
（五）分離負(fù)荷度量98
四、DNA多型的含義及度量 98
（一）DNA多型的含義98
（二）度量方法99
五、遺傳多型的進(jìn)化意義100
（一）遺傳多型研究對(duì)進(jìn)化理論發(fā)展的貢獻(xiàn)100
（二）DNA多型水平相對(duì)更高的遺傳學(xué)基礎(chǔ)和有關(guān)應(yīng)用問(wèn)題101
第七章群體結(jié)構(gòu)與系統(tǒng)分化103
一、群體結(jié)構(gòu)模型103
（一）平面上連續(xù)分布模型103
（二）島嶼模型104
（三）2級(jí)踏腳石模型105
二、遺傳分化的度量105
（一）近交度的分解105
（二）分化指數(shù)106
第八章系統(tǒng)分類107
一、遺傳檢測(cè)的抽樣方法107
（一）幾種抽樣方法107
（二）樣本規(guī)模的影響109
（三）不同抽樣方法的比較114
（四）關(guān)于抽樣的實(shí)施117
二、分類依據(jù)118
（一）各種遺傳標(biāo)記的作用118
（二）群體間相似性度量的基本數(shù)學(xué)根據(jù)118
三、分類方法120
（一）經(jīng)典聚類分析121
（二）模糊聚類分析126
（三）主成分分析——多種標(biāo)記的減元并用132
（四）判別分析138
第九章 DNA與氨基酸序列的遺傳演變144
一、DNA序列的遺傳演變144
（一）突變144
（二）基因表達(dá)過(guò)程中密碼子的使用頻率145
（三）兩個(gè) DNA序列間的核苷酸差異147
（四）核苷酸取代數(shù)的數(shù)學(xué)模型149
二、氨基酸序列的遺傳演變155
（一）兩個(gè)氨基酸序列間差異的度量155
（二）序列間差異度量值的卜瓦松校正156
（三）對(duì) PC距離的討論——Г距離158
第十章分子進(jìn)化與“分子進(jìn)化鐘”160
一、生物大分子進(jìn)化的基本特點(diǎn)與有關(guān)學(xué)術(shù)爭(zhēng)論160
（一）DNA高分子進(jìn)化機(jī)制的研究成果160
（二）分子進(jìn)化“中立論”與“新達(dá)爾文主義”爭(zhēng)論160
二、“分子鐘”假說(shuō)的意義和當(dāng)前有關(guān)實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)一覽161
（一）“分子鐘”假說(shuō)161
（二）實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)一覽161
三、分子進(jìn)化相對(duì)速率檢驗(yàn)方法162
（一）以統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)模型為基礎(chǔ)的檢驗(yàn) 162
（二）非參數(shù)檢驗(yàn)（不依據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)模型的檢驗(yàn)）164
（三）以系統(tǒng)發(fā)育檢驗(yàn)“分子鐘”假設(shè)的方法簡(jiǎn)介166
第十一章動(dòng)物遺傳資源保種方案的制訂169
一、動(dòng)物遺傳資源保護(hù)的內(nèi)涵169
二、群體遺傳多樣性保持的原理及保種方案的制訂170
參考文獻(xiàn)181
Contents
Preface Foreword Introduction 1
ⅠThe connotation of population genetics1
ABasic concept 1
BBasic characteristics1
ⅡDevelopment of population genetics 1
AThe theoretical premise of population genetics1
BFoundation and formation of population genetics1
CThe development of modern population genetics2
ⅢThe position and significance of population genetics in genetics 3
Chapter 1 Spontaneous Mutation Rate4
ⅠThe Direct Measurement of Spontaneous Mutation Rate 4
A Autosomal Loci4
B Sex Chromosome Loci 6
Ⅱ Indirect Estimation of Spontaneous Mutation Rate7
A Dominant Gene 8
B Recessive Sexlinked Gene8
C Autosomal Recessive Gene 9
Ⅲ The Spontaneous Mutation Rate of Protein Gene 10
A Direct Measurement 11
B Indirect Mutation Rate Estimation of Protein Gene Loci 13
Chapter 2 The Application of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Principle18
Ⅰ The Connotation of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Principle18
Ⅱ Several Properties of Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium19
Ⅲ Snyder Ratio 21
Ⅳ Rife-Buranamanas Combination Frequencies of Mother and Offspring 25
Ⅴ The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium of Sexlinked Gene28
A The Theoretical Analysis of Sexlinked Gene Frequency Distribution 28
B The Theory Testing 32
Chapter 3 Directed Change of the Gene Frequency36
Ⅰ Recurrent Mutation 36
A Not the Reverse Mutation36
B Reverse Mutation 37
Ⅱ Migration 40
Ⅲ Selection 42
A Selecting Some Recessive Types42
B Selecting All Recessive Types 48
C Selecting Some Recessive Types and Some Heterozygotes 50
D The Selection Involved in Overdominance 53
E Summary 58
Ⅳ Combinative effects60
Chapter 4 Random Fluctuation of the Gene Frequency 66
Ⅰ The Measurement and Property of Genetic Drift66
A Genetic Drift66
B Population Effective Size 70
C Rate ofInbreeding 71
D The Disappearing Speed of Limited Population Genetic Variation 71
Ⅱ Founder Effect and Bottleneck Effect 72
A Concepts72
B Influences of Founder Effect and Bottleneck Effect on Livestock Population 72
Chapter 5 Distribution of Gene Frequency and Evolution Process74
Ⅰ The Distribution Function of Gene Frequency 74
Ⅱ Adaptive Evolution75
A Adaptive Peaks 75
B Basic Opinions of Adaptive Evolution 77
C Possible Ways of Adaptive Evolution77
D Several Specific Process Related with the Adaptive Evolution78
Ⅲ Molecular Evolution79
A Research Findings about the Speed of Protein Molecular Evolution 79
B A Large Number of Polymorphism Revealed by Various Biological Protein Electrophoresis Analysis 81
Ⅳ New Progresses about The Neutralist-Selectionist Controversy82
Chapter 6 Genetic Variability in Population85
Ⅰ Concept and Maintain Mechanism of Genetic Polymorphism85
A General Concept 85
B Statistics of Relevant Examples85
C Probability Analysisof Genetic Polymorphism Formation 86
D Genetic Mechanism of Population Genetic Polymorphism 87
Ⅱ Analysis of Population Genetic Variation 87
A Several Basic Concepts87
B Measures of Population Genetic Diversity88
C Identification of Mendelian Traits Phenotypic Variation in Populations92
Ⅲ Genetic Load97
A Concepts 97
B General Measures of Genetic Load97
C Property of Genetic Load97
D Cause of Genetic Load97
E Measurement of Separation of Load98
Ⅳ Concept of DNA Polymorphism and Measure 98
A Concept of DNA Polymorphism98
B Measure of DNA Polymorphism99
Ⅴ Significance of Genetic Polymorphism 100
A Contributions of the Study of Genetic Polymorphism to Evolutionary Theory100
B Genetic Basis of DNA High Polymorphism and Relevant Applications101
Chapter 7 Population Structure and Phylogenetic Differentiation 103
Ⅰ Population Structure Model 103
A Continuous Distribution Model 103
B Island Model 104
C 2-Dimensional Stepping-Stone Model105
Ⅱ Measurement of the Genetic Differentiation105
A Decomposition of Inbreeding Level 105
D Differentiation Index 106
Chapter 8 Phylogenetic Classification107
Ⅰ Sampling Methods of Genetic Testing107
A Several Sampling Methods107
B Sample Scale Influences 109
C The Comparison of Different Sampling Methods114
D The Implementation of Sampling 117
Ⅱ The Basis of Classification 118
A Roles of Various Genetic Markers 118
B Basic Mathematical Foundations of Similarity Measure in Populations118
Ⅲ Classification Methods 120
A Classical Clustering Analysis121
B Fuzzy ClusteringAnalysis 126
C Principal Component Analysis — With Various Genetic Markers132
D Discriminant Analysis138
Chapter 9 The Genetic Evolution in DNA and Amino Acid Sequences 144
Ⅰ Genetic Evolution of DNA Sequence144
A Mutation144
B The Codon Usage Frequency in the Process of Gene Expression145
C Differences of Nucleotide between Two DNA Sequences 147
D Mathematical Model of Nucleotide Substitution Numbers149
Ⅱ Genetic Evolution in Animo Acid Sequences155
A Measurement of Differences between TwoAminoAcid Sequence 155
B Poisson Correction of Different Metric between Sequences 156
C Discussion on PC Distance, Γ(Gama)Distance158
Chapter 10Molecular Evolution and the “Molecular Clock” 160
Ⅰ Basic Characteristics of Biomacromolecule Evolution and Relevant Academic Debates160
A Research Findings of DNA High Molecular Evolutionary Mechanism160
B Molecular Evolution “Neutral theory” and “NewDarwinism”Arguments160
Ⅱ The Meaning of “Molecular Clock” and Evidences in Current Experiments 161
A “Molecular Clock” Hypothesis161
B Evidences in Current Experiments161
Ⅲ Test Method of Molecular Evolution Relative Velocity162
A Test Based on Statistical Model 162
B Nonparametric Test 164
C Brief Introduction of Methods to Test “Molecular Clock” by Phylogeny166
Chapter 11 Conservation of Animal and Poultry Genetic Resource169
Ⅰ The Connotation of Animal Genetic Resources Protection 169
Ⅱ The Principle of Keeping Population Genetic Diversity and Establishment of Breed Conservation Project 170
References181