目錄
第1章 緒論1
1.1航空伽馬能譜探測(cè)技術(shù)的效能1
1.2航空伽馬能譜探測(cè)儀器的進(jìn)展1
1.3各章 節(jié)主要內(nèi)容安排3
參考文獻(xiàn)3
第2章 航空伽馬能譜探測(cè)的理論基礎(chǔ)4
2.1地-空界面上伽馬射線的來源4
2.1.1地表伽馬射線4
2.1.2空間伽馬射線14
2.1.3宇生地表伽馬射線17
2.1.4人工伽馬射線22
2.1.5天然放射性核素的伽馬射線能譜22
2.2地-空界面上天然伽馬能譜成分的變化23
2.2.1伽馬射線與物質(zhì)相互作用24
2.2.2地-空界面上天然伽馬射線譜平衡26
2.2.3地-空界面上天然伽馬能譜的數(shù)值模擬27
2.2.4放射性本底區(qū)地-空界面上γ射線譜31
2.2.5放射性異常區(qū)地-空界面上γ射線譜31
2.3不同形狀輻射體空中伽馬射線照射量率32
2.3.1點(diǎn)狀輻射體32
2.3.2線狀輻射體33
2.3.3面狀輻射體33
2.3.4圓錐臺(tái)狀輻射體34
2.4航空伽馬射線儀器譜的形成及復(fù)雜化35
2.4.1航空伽馬射線儀器譜的形成35
2.4.2航空伽馬射線儀器譜的復(fù)雜化37
參考文獻(xiàn)39
第3章 航空伽馬能譜儀40
3.1航空伽馬能譜探頭40
3.1.1航空伽馬能譜探頭的組成40
3.1.2射線探測(cè)器的選型42
3.1.3NaI（Tl）+PMT閃爍計(jì)數(shù)器的溫度效應(yīng)45
3.2探測(cè)器前置電路設(shè)計(jì)52
3.2.1前置電路設(shè)計(jì)的考慮52
3.2.2低噪聲前置跟隨器設(shè)計(jì)54
3.2.3低紋波高壓電源設(shè)計(jì)56
3.3大氣氡校正的硬件措施61
3.4航空伽馬能譜探頭的封裝技術(shù)62
3.4.1探頭的機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)62
3.4.2散熱與保溫設(shè)計(jì)63
3.4.3抗震設(shè)計(jì)64
3.5航空伽馬能譜儀主控系統(tǒng)64
3.5.1航空伽馬能譜儀主控系統(tǒng)的參數(shù)指標(biāo)64
3.5.2主控系統(tǒng)的基本構(gòu)架65
3.5.3全數(shù)字化能譜儀的關(guān)鍵性電路71
3.5.4單元電路測(cè)試109
參考文獻(xiàn)112
第4章 航空伽馬能譜測(cè)量方法技術(shù)114
4.1不同高度空中伽馬射線照射量率變化規(guī)律114
4.1.1理論計(jì)算114
4.1.2不同高度伽馬射線照射量率的數(shù)值模擬116
4.1.3不同高度試驗(yàn)120
4.2不同濕度土壤上方伽馬射線能譜變化123
4.2.1理論模型123
4.2.2MC數(shù)值模擬124
4.2.3物理實(shí)驗(yàn)127
4.3航空伽馬射線儀器譜的解析技術(shù)129
4.3.1能譜降噪技術(shù)和弱峰提取技術(shù)129
4.3.2康普頓散射本底扣除技術(shù)135
4.3.3航空伽馬能譜儀器譜全譜解析技術(shù)138
4.4航空伽馬能譜測(cè)量大氣氡校正技術(shù)145
4.4.1大氣中氡對(duì)航空伽馬能譜測(cè)量的影響145
4.4.2譜線比大氣氡校正技術(shù)149
4.4.3譜線比系數(shù)151
4.5航空伽馬能譜測(cè)量低能譜地質(zhì)響應(yīng)158
4.5.1地面低能伽馬能譜分布同地層介質(zhì)之間的關(guān)系158
4.5.2空氣對(duì)伽馬射線低能譜段的影響162
4.5.3伽馬能譜低能譜段地面應(yīng)用166
4.6航空伽馬能譜儀標(biāo)定技術(shù)171
4.6.1剝離系數(shù)法171
4.6.2全譜解析法173
參考文獻(xiàn)174
第5章 航空伽馬能譜測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)處理與解釋技術(shù)176
5.1航空伽馬能譜測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)處理方法176
5.1.1方差分析176
5.1.2主成分分析184
5.1.3常規(guī)趨勢(shì)面分析188
5.2航空伽馬能譜測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)弱信息提取技術(shù)189
5.2.1航空伽馬能譜測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)降噪技術(shù)189
5.2.2航空伽馬能譜測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)弱異常圈定技術(shù)196
參考文獻(xiàn)199
第6章 航空伽馬能譜探測(cè)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用200
6.1在地質(zhì)填圖中應(yīng)用200
6.1.1實(shí)例1：紅山頭鉀長(zhǎng)花崗巖巖體劃分應(yīng)用201
6.1.2實(shí)例2：尾亞花崗巖巖體劃分應(yīng)用202
6.1.3實(shí)例3：唐古爾塔格南部花崗斑巖巖體劃分應(yīng)用205
6.1.4實(shí)例4：鏡兒泉閃長(zhǎng)巖巖體劃分應(yīng)用205
6.1.5實(shí)例5：別列則克河閃長(zhǎng)巖巖體劃分應(yīng)用207
6.1.6實(shí)例6：紅石山基性—超基性巖巖體劃分應(yīng)用209
6.1.7實(shí)例7：掃子山北雜巖巖體劃分應(yīng)用210
6.1.8實(shí)例8：三合村—朱家黃河決口扇沉積巖巖體劃分應(yīng)用212
6.1.9實(shí)例9：西烏旗—巴林左旗航空伽馬能譜巖性構(gòu)造填圖應(yīng)用212
6.2在固體礦產(chǎn)勘查中應(yīng)用213
6.2.1航空伽馬能譜探測(cè)技術(shù)直接尋找鈾礦214
6.2.2航空伽馬能譜探測(cè)技術(shù)直接尋找鉀礦227
6.2.3航空伽馬能譜探測(cè)技術(shù)間接調(diào)查非放射性礦產(chǎn)234
6.3在油氣勘探中應(yīng)用257
6.3.1實(shí)例1：莎爾圖油田勘查258
6.3.2實(shí)例2：羊三木油田勘查259
6.3.3實(shí)例3：棗園油田勘查259
6.3.4實(shí)例4：臨盤油田勘查260
6.3.5實(shí)例5：雙河油田勘查262
6.3.6實(shí)例6：井樓油田勘查263
6.3.7實(shí)例7：柴達(dá)木盆地冷湖地區(qū)油田勘查264
6.3.8實(shí)例8：二連盆地南部地區(qū)油田勘查266
6.3.9實(shí)例9：任丘油田勘查267
6.4在輻射環(huán)境調(diào)查中的應(yīng)用269
6.4.1實(shí)例1：北京南部地區(qū)天然輻射環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)269
6.4.2實(shí)例2：廣東南部珠�！�深圳地區(qū)天然輻射環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)271
6.4.3實(shí)例3：東營(yíng)市放射性污染調(diào)查271
6.4.4實(shí)例4：新疆尾亞放射性污染調(diào)查272
6.4.5實(shí)例5：上海市輻射環(huán)境航空測(cè)量調(diào)查273
6.4.6實(shí)例6：石家莊市輻射環(huán)境航空測(cè)量調(diào)查275
6.5在核應(yīng)急中的應(yīng)用276
6.5.1航空伽馬能譜測(cè)量在核應(yīng)急中效能276
6.5.2核應(yīng)急航空監(jiān)測(cè)方法277
參考文獻(xiàn)284
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Usefulness of Airborne Gamma ray Spectrum Detection 1
1.2 Development of Airborne Gamma ray Spectrometer 1
1.3 Arrangement of Chapters 3
References 3
Chapter 2 Theory of Airborne Gamma ray Spectrum Detection 4
2.1 Sources of Air-Ground Gamma ray 4
2.1.1 Ground Gamma ray 4
2.1.2 Aerial Gamma ray 14
2.1.3 Air-Ground Gamma ray from Cosmic Ray 17
2.1.4 Artificial Gamma ray 22
2.1.5 Gamma ray Spectra from Natural Radionuclides 22
2.2 Variety of Air-Ground Gamma ray Spectra 23
2.2.1 Interaction of Gamma ray and Matter 24
2.2.2 Air-Ground Gamma ray Spectrum Equilibrium 26
2.2.3 Air-Ground Gamma ray Spectrum Simulation 27
2.2.4 Air-Ground Gamma ray Spectrum in Background Area 31
2.2.5 Air-Ground Gamma ray Spectrum in Radioactive Anomaly Area 31
2.3 Gamma ray Exposure Rate from Shaped Radiation Bodies 32
2.3.1 Point Gamma ray Source 32
2.3.2 Line-Shaped Radiation Body 33
2.3.3 Plane-Shaped Radiation Body 33
2.3.4 Cone-Shaped Radiation Body 34
2.4 Formation and Complexity of Airborne Gamma ray Instrument Spectrum 35
2.4.1 Formation of Airborne Gamma ray Instrument Spectrum 35
2.4.2 Complexity of Airborne Gamma ray Instrument Spectrum 37
References 39
Chapter 3 Airborne Gamma ray Spectrometer 40
3.1 Probe of Airborne Gamma ray Spectrometer 40
3.1.1 Components of Probe 40
3.1.2 Airborne Gamma ray Spectrum Detector 42
3.1.3 Temperature Influence on NaI（Tl）+PMT 45
3.2 Design of Pre-Amplifier 52
3.2.1 Consideration of Pre-Amplifier 52
3.2.2 Design of Low Noise Pre-Amplifier 54
3.2.3 Design of Low Noise HV Circuit 56
3.3 Design for Radon Correction 61
3.4 Package for Aerial Gamma ray Detector 62
3.4.1 Machine Design of Probe 62
3.4.2 Thermal Dissipation and Insulation of Probe 63
3.4.3 Design for Anti-Vibration 64
3.5 Main Circuit Units of Aerial Gamma ray Spectrometer 64
3.5.1 Consideration of Main Circuit Units 64
3.5.2 Framework of Main Circuit Units 65
3.5.3 Key Circuit of Digital Gamma ray Spectrometer 71
3.5.4 Testing 109
References 112
Chapter 4 Airborne Gamma ray Spectrometry（AGS）Techniques 114
4.1 Relationship Between Exposure and Height 114
4.1.1 Theoretical Calculation 114
4.1.2 Simulation by MC Method 116
4.1.3 Experiments 120
4.2 Relationship Between Gamma ray Spectrum and Water Content in Soil 123
4.2.1 Theoretical Model 123
4.2.2 Simulation by MC Method 124
4.2.3 Experiments 127
4.3 Spectrum Analysis of Airborne Gamma ray Spectrum 129
4.3.1 Denoise and Weak Peak Analysis Method 129
4.3.2 Baseline Estimation Method 135
4.3.3 Full Spectrum Analysis Method 138
4.4 Radon Correction for Airborne Gamma ray Measurement 145
4.4.1 Influence of Radon in the Air 145
4.4.2 Spectral-Ratio Radon Correction in AGS 149
4.4.3 Spectral-Ratio Coefficients 151
4.5 Geological Response of Low Energy Gamma ray Spectrum 158
4.5.1 Relationship Between Low Energy Spectrum and Lithology 158
4.5.2 Influence of Air on Low Energy Spectrum 162
4.5.3 Application of Low Energy Spectrum to Ground Gamma ray Measurement 166
4.6 Calibration of Airborne Gamma ray Spectrometer 171
4.6.1 Stripping Method 171
4.6.2 Full Spectrum Analysis Method 173
References 174
Chapter 5 Data Processing and Interpretation 176
5.1 Data Processing Method 176
5.1.1 Variance Analysis Method 176
5.1.2 Principal Component Analysis Method 184
5.1.3 Trend Analysis Method 188
5.2 Extraction Weak Information Method 189
5.2.1 Denoise Method to Survey Data 189
5.2.2 Weak Anomaly Determination to Survey Data 196
References 199
Chapter 6 Application of AGS 200
6.1 Application of AGS in Geological Mapping 200
6.1.1 Example 1：Distinguishing Moyite Body in Hongshantou 201
6.1.2 Example 2：Distinguishing Weiya Granite Body 202
6.1.3 Example 3：Distinguishing Granite Body in South of Tangguertage 205
6.1.4 Example 4：Distinguishing Diorite Body in Jingerquan 205
6.1.5 Example 5：Distinguishing Diorite Body in Bieliezekehe 207
6.1.6 Example 6：Distinguishing Basic and Ultrabasic Rock Body in Hongshishan 209
6.1.7 Example 7：Distinguishing Complex Body in North of Saozishan 210
6.1.8 Example 8：Distinguishing Fan sedimentary rock Body in Sanhecun &Zhujia 212
6.1.9 Example 9：Geological Structure Mapping in Xiwuqi & Balinzhuoqi 212
6.2 Application of AGS in Solid Mineral Exploration 213
6.2.1 Uranium 214
6.2.2 Potassium 227
6.2.3 Non-Radioactive Minerals 234
6.3 Application of AGS in Oil and Gas Exploration 257
6.3.1 Example 1：Exploration in Shaertu Oil Field 258
6.3.2 Example 2：Exploration in Yangsanmu Oil Field 259
6.3.3 Example 3：Exploration in Zaoyuan Oil Field 259
6.3.4 Example 4：Exploration in Linpan Oil Field 260
6.3.5 Example 5：Exploration in Shuanghe Oil Field 262
6.3.6 Example 6：Exploration in Jinglou Oil Field 263
6.3.7 Example 7：Exploration in Qaidam Basin Lenghu Area Oil Field 264
6.3.8 Example 8：Exploration in the South of Erlian Basin Oil Field 266
6.3.9 Example 9: Exploration in Renqiu Oil Field 267
6.4 Application of AGS in Environmental Radiation Investigation 269
6.4.1 Example 1: Evaluation of Natural Radiation Environment in the South of Beijing 269
6.4.2 Example 2: Evaluation of Natural Radiation Environment in the South of Guangdong Zhu
hai & Shenzhen Area 271
6.4.3 Example 3:Survey of Radioactive Contamination in Dongying 271
6.4.4 Example 4:Survey of Radioactive Contamination in Xinjiang，Weiya Area 272
6.4.5 Example 5: Survey of Aerial Radiation Environment in Shanghai 273
6.4.6 Example 6: Survey of Aerial Radiation Environment in Shijiazhuang 275
6.5 Application of AGS in Nuclear Emergency Monitoring 276
6.5.1 Usefulness of AGS in Nuclear Emergency 276
6.5.2 Methodology of AGS in Nuclear Emergency 277
References 284