《語言強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)研究》針對語言研究和教學中常見的強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)之特點及問題，用大量的跨語言實例，通過深入淺出地討論有關語言通則，揭示了強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的規(guī)律，對習得和講授強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)，具有非常的指導作用。
功能語法對名詞短語可用順序的研究，過去主要針對定語從句，而忽視了強調(diào)句�！墩Z言強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)研究》就強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)的分裂句提出三個原則：可強調(diào)順序原則、名詞性原則和主題性原則�？蓮娬{(diào)順序原則將主語、直接賓語、間接賓語、介詞賓語等依次排列，解釋其可被強調(diào)程度。名詞性原則除名詞成分外，還適用非名詞成分。主題性原則在涵蓋前兩者的基礎上，還解釋了狀語的可強調(diào)性，從而最充分地描寫和解釋了強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)。
《語言強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)研究》無論在對學習英語等語言和教材編寫的具體指導上還是語言理論研究上都在同類著作中獨樹一幟，創(chuàng)造性地填補了語言學習和研究的若干空白，特別是國內(nèi)在多語種綜合研究方面開創(chuàng)了先河。
《語言強調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)研究》適用于從事語言教學和研究的高校教師和從事語言學研究的科研人員，也可以作為語言專業(yè)的研究生和本科高年級學生的輔助教材，同時也可作為一般語言愛好者的參考書。
Research in language universals as anchored in functional linguistics has drawn continued attention and interest from linguists， language educators and professionals of other applied linguistics areas in recent years. Through studying crosslinguistic variation， important generalizations about natural languages can be made which would not be revealed by investigating any single language. In that regard， previous studies of the Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy as a universal tendency have largely focused on relativization， whereas those of cleft sentences have barely touched upon cleftability with regard to the Accessibility Hierarchy. Given such a gap in the research， it seems that a systematic crosslinguistic investigation of cleftability with regard to the Accessibility Hierarchy will add significant contribution not only to the research on cleft construction by converging the Accessibility Hierarchy studies and the research on cleft sentences， but also to finding out how human languages avail themselves of various linguistic strategies for contrastive emphasis in communication in the study of language universals as an important part of linguistic theory.
羅澄，男，畢業(yè)于武漢大學，獲英語語言與文學專業(yè)學士、碩士。后留學加拿大多倫多大學及馬尼托巴大學，獲得語言學暨應用語言學博士，并任教于加拿大布魯克大學英語語言學系，為該系終身教授。目前兼任武漢大學珞珈學者暨講座教授及廣西大學的客座教授。
羅澄博士的教學與科研涉獵廣泛，包括功能語言學、句法學、語義學、語用學、話語分析學，以及應用語言學中的語言測試學、二語習得、閱讀理論、研究方法論等。他在各種國際會議和知名學科雜志上發(fā)表、宣讀近百篇論文并著有Analysis of Typical Errors in English by Chinese EFL Students；A Picture is Worth...1000 Words；Beginner Chinese Reader Series等專著。還應邀到美國、泰國和多次回國進行學術(shù)報告、專題講座、講課及其他學術(shù)交流活動，為傳播中華文化和促進中加學術(shù)交流與合作作出了重要貢獻。
List of Tables/Figures
Abbreviations
Preface
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 The Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy
1.2 The Cleftability Hierarchy
1.3 Theory and Methodology
1.3.1 AH as a universal tendency
1.3.2 A working definition of clefts
1.3.2.1 Previous definitions
1.3.2.2 Clefts in non-configurational languages
1.3.2.3 A working definition
1.3.3 Clefting strategies
1.3.4 Other methodological considerations
1.3.4.1 Reduced Clefiability Hierarchy through collapsing
1.3.4.2 Measurement of grammaticality and universality
1.3.4.3 Data and analysis
Chapter 2 NP Cleftabifity
2.1 The Cleftability Criteria
2.2 Grammaticality： Cleftable Versus Uncleftable
2.2.1 Clefting of subject only
2.2.1.1 Chadic languages
2.2.1.1.1 Margi
2.2.1.1.2 Bade. Ngizim. Karekare. and Dera
2.2.1.2 Toba-Batak
2.2.1.3 Indonesian
2.2.1.4 Malagasy
2.2.2 Clefting of NP arguments
2.2.2.1 Basque
2.2.2.2 Berber
2.3 Clefting Strategies： Deletion Versus Retention
2.3.1 Polynesian languages
2.3.1.1 Maori
2.3.1.2 Tongan
2.3.1.3 Samoan
2.3.1.4 Rennellese
2.3.2 Summary
2.4 Structural Complexity ： Wider Versus Narrower Distribution
2.4.1 Maori
2.4.2 English
2.4.3 Danish
2.4.4 Kinyarwanda
2.4.5 Tera
2.4.5.1 The cleft construction
2.4.5.2 Clefiability
2.4.5.3 Distributions of SU and ADVL as cleft focus
2.5 Frequency of Occurrence ： More Frequent Versus Less Frequent
2.5.1 Intralinguistic frequency
2.5.2 Crosslinguistic frequency
2.6 Promotion to Higher Positions for Clefting
2.6.1 Subjectivization in Indonesian
2.6.2 Objectivization in Kinyarwanda
2.7 Diaehronie Precedence ： Indonesian
Chapter 3 NP Cleftability——Counterevidenee?
3.1 Cleftability and Ergativity
3.1.1 Mayan languages
3.1.2 Pukapukan
3.1.3 Subject reinterpreted
3.2 Cleftability and Language Specific Constraints： Chinese
3.2.1 The problem of DO uncleftability
3.2.2 A linear constraint
3.2.3 Is shi an adverb?
3.2.4 0uasi-verbs and the constraint revisited
3.2.5 Summary
3.3 Conclusion
Chapter 4 Non-NP Cleftability
4.1 Introduction
4.2 AP Cleftability
4.2.1 The Nouniness Principle
4.2.2 Cleftability of predicational APs.the Specificity Condition
4.2.3 Contextually generated specificity.English
4.2.4 Summary
4.3 VP Cleftability
4.3.1 Limitations and conditions
4.3.2 Crosslinguistic evidence
4.3.2.1 Morpho-syntactic nominalhy of clefted VPs ： English. Berber. Breton. and Hausa
4.3.2.2 The retention strategy for VP clefting ： Vata . Yoruba. and Haitian
4.3.3 The Specificity Condition revisited： English
4.3.4 Summary
4.4 PP Clefting
4.4.1 Proposition-internal and proposition-external PPs
4.4.2 PP clefting and the Nouniness Principle
4.5 ADVP clefting
4.6 Summary and Conclusion
Chapter 5 Towards a General Account of Cleftability
5.1 Theme and Thematicity
5.1.1 Theme
5.1.2 Thematicity
5.2 The Function of Clefts
5.2.1 Focused thematization
5.2.2 Clause binding and salient information
5.3 The Thematicity Principle （TP）
5.4 Further Empirical Evidence
5.5 Summary
Chapter 6 The Contrastive Focus Marker
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Formal Identity between the CFM. the Copula and the Demonstrative
6.3 Polesemy in Mandarin Chinese
6.3.1 Synchronic evidence
6.3.2 Diachronic evidence
6.4 The Common Pragmatic Function
6.5 Crosslinguistic Evidence
6.5.1 Hebrew
6.5.2 Margi
6.5.3 Mokilese
6.5.4 Kusaiean
6.5.5 Malayalam
6.6 An Iconic Account
6.7 Conclusion
Chapter 7 Conclusion
References
Language Index
Subject Index
The fact that direct objects in the aforementioned Polynesian as well as Mayan languages are more accessible than （ergative） subjects poses a challenge for the proposed Cleftability Hierarchy as a putative universal. To solve this problem， we can either declare the inadequacy of the CH， or reinterpret the concept subject so that absolutive NPs can be treated as subjects. Since the former solution is undesirably simplistic before other possibilities are exhausted， rather than quickly dismiss the CH as untenable， the latter alternative will be examined by proposing a solution by reinterpreting subject and object in ergative patterns， so that absolutive NPs can be reinterpreted as SUs and ergative NPS as DOS.
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