基于當(dāng)前 Web 3 世界的快速發(fā)展，零知識證明在落地應(yīng)用方面取得了快速進(jìn)展。本書從技術(shù)原理和相關(guān)具體工程實(shí)現(xiàn)的角度對其進(jìn)行介紹。本書第1章從總體上回顧了 Web 3 的發(fā)展，以及當(dāng)前的表現(xiàn)形態(tài)，第2章和第3章從最簡潔的數(shù)學(xué)層面向讀者介紹了零知識證明是什么，以及如何構(gòu)建零知識證明。第4章從技術(shù)層面介紹了 Web 3 世界中零知識證明的主流實(shí)現(xiàn)方案，第5章從應(yīng)用層面介紹了零知識證明在 Web 3 世界中的一些典型應(yīng)用，第6章介紹了零知識證明在其他領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用及展望。本書定位為科普讀物，面向的讀者包括但不限于 Web 3 領(lǐng)域的從業(yè)者、對零知識證明感興趣的學(xué)生及業(yè)內(nèi)人士。
高承實(shí)，密碼學(xué)博士。中國計算機(jī)學(xué)會高級會員、區(qū)塊鏈專委會執(zhí)行委員，中國工業(yè)與應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)會區(qū)塊鏈專委會常務(wù)委員，中國移動通信聯(lián)合會元宇宙產(chǎn)業(yè)工作委員會常務(wù)委員，中國指揮與控制學(xué)會會員、城市大腦與社會綜合治理專家咨詢團(tuán)隊(duì)團(tuán)員，云安全聯(lián)盟CSA大中華區(qū)元宇宙技術(shù)安全專家組專家，中國密碼學(xué)會會員，螞蟻鏈大學(xué)認(rèn)證專家，深圳市信息服務(wù)業(yè)區(qū)塊鏈協(xié)會專家導(dǎo)師，亞洲區(qū)塊鏈產(chǎn)業(yè)研究院專家顧問委員，高承實(shí)，密碼學(xué)博士，中國計算機(jī)學(xué)會區(qū)塊鏈專委會執(zhí)行委員、中國工業(yè)與應(yīng)用數(shù)學(xué)學(xué)會區(qū)塊鏈專委會常務(wù)委員，現(xiàn)擔(dān)任安徽棧谷科技有限公司董事長，2020年被浙商產(chǎn)業(yè)區(qū)塊鏈促進(jìn)聯(lián)盟、宏鏈財經(jīng)評為"年度行業(yè)貢獻(xiàn)者”。出版《區(qū)塊鏈技術(shù)本質(zhì)與應(yīng)用》《元宇宙進(jìn)化邏輯》《回歸常識——高博士區(qū)塊鏈觀察》《區(qū)塊鏈中的密碼技術(shù)》等著作。同時也是多所大學(xué)客座教授。
目 錄
第1 章 Web 3 新基建崛起 ..................................................................................................... 001
1.1 Web 3 主流敘事 ···············································································.001
1.1.1 史前敘事 ···············································································.002
1.1.2 公鏈降臨 ···············································································.004
1.1.3 去中心化金融DeFi 創(chuàng)世 ····························································.007
1.1.4 非同質(zhì)化代幣NFT 異軍突起 ······················································.012
1.1.5 鏈游GameFi 先聲奪人 ······························································.017
1.2 Web 3 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施體系初現(xiàn) ···································································.020
1.2.1 Web 3 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施框架 ·································································.020
1.2.2 數(shù)據(jù)服務(wù) ···············································································.023
1.2.3 去中心化身份堆棧 ···································································.030
1.2.4 安全與審計 ············································································.034
1.3 零知識證明敘事升溫 ·········································································.038
1.3.1 零知識證明的奧妙 ···································································.039
1.3.2 自主掌控隱私 ·········································································.041
1.3.3 破解可擴(kuò)展性難題 ···································································.045
第2 章 揭開零知識證明的神秘面紗 .................................................................................... 050
2.1 “證明”的歷史 ···············································································.050
2.1.1 從歸納推理到演繹推理 ·····························································.050
2.1.2 形式化符號語言推理 ································································.051
2.1.3 計算機(jī)證明 ············································································.052
2.1.4 交互式證明 ············································································.053
2.2 繞不開的計算復(fù)雜性 ·········································································.054
2.2.1 基本概念 ···············································································.054
2.2.2 P 問題、NP 問題與NPC 問題 ·····················································.059
2.2.3 電路復(fù)雜性 ············································································.064
2.3 零知識證明的基本原理 ······································································.068
2.3.1 故事中的零知識證明 ································································.068
2.3.2 模擬器定義“零知識性” ··························································.071
2.3.3 提取器定義“可靠性” ·····························································.075
2.3.4 從交互式證明到簡潔非交互式證明 ··············································.078
第3 章 零知識簡潔非交互論證系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)造 ........................................................................ 091
3.1 構(gòu)造零知識簡潔非交互論證系統(tǒng)的主要步驟 ···········································.092
3.1.1 SNARK 系統(tǒng)的底層 ·································································.092
3.1.2 可驗(yàn)證計算及其設(shè)計 ································································.095
3.2 將計算需求轉(zhuǎn)化為電路 ······································································.103
3.2.1 將問題轉(zhuǎn)化為程序 ···································································.103
3.2.2 將程序轉(zhuǎn)化為計算電路 ·····························································.104
3.3 信息論模型的構(gòu)造 ············································································.112
3.3.1 LIP 模型 ················································································.113
3.3.2 IOP 模型 ···············································································.114
3.4 證明多項(xiàng)式 ·····················································································.115
3.4.1 FRI 承諾 ················································································.115
3.4.2 KZG10 承諾 ···········································································.120
3.4.3 IPA 承諾 ················································································.123
3.4.4 不同方案的對比 ······································································.126
3.5 非交互及零知識的實(shí)現(xiàn) ······································································.127
3.5.1 非交互性 ···············································································.127
3.5.2 零知識 ··················································································.130
3.6 小結(jié)······························································································.132
3.6.1 ZK-SNARK 的分類 ··································································.132
3.6.2 更多的組合和遞歸 ···································································.133
第4 章 零知識證明的主流實(shí)現(xiàn)方案 .................................................................................... 136
4.1 零知識證明技術(shù)和應(yīng)用發(fā)展 ································································.137
4.1.1 零知識證明的技術(shù)發(fā)展 ·····························································.137
4.1.2 重新定義區(qū)塊鏈運(yùn)作方式 ··························································.138
4.2 ZK-SNARK ····················································································.141
4.2.1 工作原理 ···············································································.142
4.2.2 主要協(xié)議 ···············································································.142
4.3 ZK-STARK ·····················································································.152
4.3.1 工作原理 ···············································································.152
4.3.2 ZK-SNARK 與ZK-STARK ·························································.159
4.4 Bulletproofs ·····················································································.163
4.4.1 工作原理 ···············································································.163
4.4.2 應(yīng)用場景 ···············································································.169
4.5 ZKP 系統(tǒng)的比較維度 ········································································.171
4.5.1 效率和安全維度 ······································································.171
4.5.2 底層技術(shù)維度 ·········································································.173
第5 章 零知識證明“眾神殿” ............................................................................................. 177
5.1 市場機(jī)會 ························································································.178
5.1.1 基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 ···············································································.178
5.1.2 身份與安全 ············································································.184
5.1.3 DeFi 與支付 ···········································································.187
5.1.4 硬件加速 ···············································································.191
5.1.5 NFT 交易 ···············································································.193
5.2 Web 3 系統(tǒng)擴(kuò)容 ···············································································.194
5.2.1 zkSync ··················································································.195
5.2.2 StarkNet ················································································.201
5.2.3 Scroll ····················································································.206
5.2.4 Polygon zkEVM ·······································································.212
5.3 挑戰(zhàn)可交互性 ··················································································.215
5.3.1 跨鏈橋概述 ············································································.215
5.3.2 ZKP 跨鏈原理及難點(diǎn) ································································.219
5.3.3 實(shí)現(xiàn)以太坊PoS 輕客戶端 ··························································.220
5.3.4 將IBC 引入以太坊 ···································································.223
5.3.5 分布式零知識證明 ···································································.227
5.4 數(shù)字身份解決方案 ············································································.229
5.4.1 去中心化身份堆棧 ···································································.229
5.4.2 ZK 勛章證明聲譽(yù) ····································································.232
5.4.3 ZKDID 預(yù)言機(jī) ········································································.234
5.4.4 ZK-KYC 助力合規(guī) ···································································.238
5.5 博弈中的隱私支付 ············································································.242
5.5.1 隱私幣 ··················································································.243
5.5.2 隱私交易網(wǎng)絡(luò) ·········································································.248
5.5.3 隱私智能合約 ·········································································.251
第6 章 Web 3 之外的零知識證明 ........................................................................................ 254
6.1 零知識證明賦能生成式AI ··································································.255
6.1.1 為ML 上鏈提供基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施 ··························································.256
6.1.2 實(shí)現(xiàn)信任證明 ·········································································.257
6.1.3 開拓游戲新屬性 ······································································.257
6.2 抵抗虛假信息 ··················································································.259
6.2.1 音頻的ZK 證明 ·······································································.259
6.2.2 新聞?wù)掌腪K 證明 ·································································.260
6.3 分布式智能電網(wǎng)的安全控制 ································································.262
6.4 醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù)與安全共享 ···································································.264
6.4.1 醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)安全共享 ···································································.264
6.4.2 醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)安全采集 ···································································.267
參考文獻(xiàn) ....................................................................................................................................... 271
后記 ............................................................................................................................................... 277
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