生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖指的是家畜與環(huán)境的關(guān)系，包括家畜與其他生物（如植物、微生物、媒介生物）的關(guān)系和家畜與生存環(huán)境（自然環(huán)境、人工環(huán)境和社會環(huán)境）的關(guān)系。研究生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖，就是研究家畜與其生存環(huán)境相互影響、相互作用、協(xié)同發(fā)展的關(guān)系。養(yǎng)殖生態(tài)研究主要包括三個層次：一是家畜個體生態(tài)研究，主要是研究不同畜禽個體與其環(huán)境條件或資源的相互關(guān)系、相互作用；二是家畜群體生態(tài)研究，主要是研究一定區(qū)域內(nèi)的家畜種群與其生活環(huán)境中的植物、動物和微生物種群的相互關(guān)系；三是家畜生態(tài)系統(tǒng)研究，主要是研究一定空間內(nèi)棲居著的包括家畜在內(nèi)的所有生物（即生物群落）與其環(huán)境之間的相互關(guān)系。家畜生態(tài)現(xiàn)象與客觀規(guī)律隨家畜養(yǎng)殖的出現(xiàn)而出現(xiàn)，發(fā)展而發(fā)展。養(yǎng)殖生態(tài)研究，是一個動態(tài)過程和發(fā)展過程。家畜生產(chǎn)引發(fā)的環(huán)境生態(tài)問題越來越成為社會關(guān)注的焦點、熱點問題，要堅持運用生態(tài)學(xué)、系統(tǒng)學(xué)理論，按照家畜生產(chǎn)和環(huán)境保護協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展的基本規(guī)律發(fā)展家畜生產(chǎn)，這便是養(yǎng)殖生態(tài)需要關(guān)注和研究的課題。
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第 1 章 緒論 ··································································································· 1
1.1 畜禽生態(tài)概述 ···················································································· 1
1.2 畜禽生態(tài)問題 ···················································································· 3
1.3 畜禽生態(tài)的研究內(nèi)容 ·········································································· 4
1.4 畜禽生態(tài)研究的主要任務(wù) ··································································· 6
1.5 畜禽生態(tài)發(fā)展的方向與目標 ······························································· 9
第 2 章 畜禽的生態(tài)營養(yǎng) ················································································ 10
2.1 生態(tài)營養(yǎng)學(xué)的提出 ··········································································· 10
2.2 無抗替代技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀 ·································································· 11
2.2.1 大豆異黃酮 ················································································ 12
2.2.2 植物精油 ··················································································· 16
2.2.3 有機酸 ······················································································ 20
2.2.4 萜類化合物 ················································································ 24
2.2.5 抗菌肽 ······················································································ 29
2.3 飼料原料發(fā)酵技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀 ·························································· 37
2.3.1 發(fā)酵飼料 ··················································································· 37
2.3.2 飼用酶制劑 ················································································ 49
2.3.3 菌酶協(xié)同發(fā)酵飼料 ······································································· 57
2.4 飼料配方優(yōu)化技術(shù)的研究現(xiàn)狀 ·························································· 61
2.4.1 精準營養(yǎng) ··················································································· 61
2.4.2 功能性氨基酸 ············································································· 64
2.4.3 微量元素 ··················································································· 72
vi 生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖研究與展望
第 3 章 畜禽行為、動物福利和生物安全 ······················································· 78
3.1 畜禽行為 ························································································· 78
3.1.1 采食和排泄 ················································································ 78
3.1.2 社會行為 ··················································································· 81
3.1.3 母性行為 ··················································································· 82
3.1.4 其他行為 ··················································································· 83
3.2 動物福利 ························································································· 85
3.2.1 概述 ························································································· 85
3.2.2 養(yǎng)殖福利 ··················································································· 89
3.2.3 運輸和屠宰福利 ·········································································· 92
3.3 生物安全 ························································································· 97
第 4 章 養(yǎng)殖微生態(tài)系統(tǒng)控制 ········································································ 102
4.1 畜禽微生態(tài)概念、組織和動力學(xué) ····················································· 102
4.1.1 畜禽微生態(tài)的概念 ······································································ 102
4.1.2 畜禽微生態(tài)的發(fā)展歷史 ································································ 103
4.1.3 畜禽微生態(tài)空間及組織 ································································ 106
4.1.4 畜禽微生態(tài)動力學(xué) ······································································ 109
4.2 畜禽微生態(tài)制劑 ·············································································· 113
4.2.1 微生態(tài)制劑的概念 ······································································ 114
4.2.2 畜禽微生態(tài)制劑的作用機理 ·························································· 114
4.2.3 微生態(tài)制劑的種類 ······································································ 117
4.2.4 微生態(tài)制劑的應(yīng)用及使用現(xiàn)狀 ······················································· 122
4.3 畜禽微生態(tài)制劑的工業(yè)生產(chǎn) ···························································· 129
4.3.1 益生菌的生產(chǎn)工藝 ······································································ 129
4.3.2 益生元的生產(chǎn)工藝 ······································································ 140
4.3.3 合生元的生產(chǎn)工藝 ······································································ 154
第 5 章 病死畜禽無害化處理 ········································································ 159
5.1 概述 ······························································································· 159
5.1.1 畜牧業(yè)發(fā)展概況 ········································································· 159
目 錄 vii
5.1.2 病死畜禽無害化處理背景 ····························································· 162
5.1.3 病死畜禽無害化處理原則 ····························································· 163
5.1.4 病死畜禽無害化處理現(xiàn)狀 ······················································
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