Preface
1. Introduction to Python
The Python Language
The Python Standard Library and Extension Modules
Python Implementations
Python Development and Versions
Python Resources
Installation
Installing Python from Binaries
Installing Python from Source Code
2. The Python Interpreter
The python Program
Python Development Environments
Running Python Programs
Running Python in the Browser
3. The Python Language
Lexical Structure
Data Types
Variables and Other References
Expressions and Operators
Numeric Operations
Sequence Operations
Set Operations
Dictionary Operations
Control Flow Statements
Functions
4. 0bject-0riented Python
Classes and Instances
Special Methods
Decorators
Metaclasses
5. Type Annotations
History
Type-Checking Utilities
Type Annotation Syntax
The typing Module
Using Type Annotations at Runtime
How to Add Type Annotations to Your Code
Summary
6. Exceptions
The try Statement
The raise Statement
The with Statement and Context Managers
Generators and Exceptions
Exception Propagation
Exception Objects
Custom Exception Classes
ExceptionGroup and except*
Error-Checking Strategies
The assert Statement
7. Modules and Packages
Module Objects
Module Loading
Packages
Distribution Utilities (distutils) and setuptools
Python Environments
8. Core Built-ins and Standard Library Modules
Built-in Types
Built-in Functions
The sys Module
The copy Module
The collections Module
The functools Module
The heapq Module
The argparse Module
The itertools Module
9. Strings and Things
Methods of String Objects
The string Module
String Formatting
Text Wrapping and Filling
The pprint Module
The reprlib Module
Unicode
10. Regular Expressions
Regular Expressions and the re Module
Optional Flags
Match Versus Search
Anchoring at String Start and End
Regular Expression Objects
Match Objects
Functions of the re Module
REs and the := Operator
The Third-Party regex Module
11. File and Text Operations
The io Module
The tempfile Module
Auxiliary Modules for File I/O
In-Memory Files: io.StringIO and io.ByteslO
Archived and Compressed Files
The os Module
The errno Module
The pathlib Module
The stat Module
The filecmp Module
The fnmatch Module
The glob Module
The shutil Module
Text Input and Output
Richer-Text I/O
Internationalization
12. Persistence and Databases
Serialization
DBM Modules
The Python Database API (DBAPI)
13. Time Operations
The time Module
The datetime Module
The zoneinfo Module
The dateutil Module
The sched Module
The calendar Module
14. Customizing Execution
Per-Site Customization
Termination Functions
Dynamic Execution and exec
Internal Types
Garbage Collection
15. Concurrency: Threads and Processes
Threads in Python
The threading Module
The queue Module
The multiprocessing Module
The concurrent.futures Module
Threaded Program Architecture
Process Environment
Running Other Programs
The mmap Module
16. Numeric Processing
Floating-Point Values
The math and cmath Modules
The statistics Module
The operator Module
Random and Pseudorandom Numbers
The fractions Module
The decimal Module
Array Processing
17. Testing, Debugging, and Optimizing
Testing
Debugging
The warnings Module
Optimization
18. Networking Basics
The Berkeley Socket Interface
Transport Layer Security
SSLContext
19. Client-Side Network Protocol Modules
Email Protocols
HTTP and URL Clients
Other Network Protocols
20. Serving HTTP
http.server
WSGI
Python Web Frameworks
21. Email, MIME, and Other Network Encodings
MIME and Email Format Handling
Encoding Binary Data as ASCII Text
22. Structured Text: HTML
The html.entities Module
The BeautifulSoup Third-P