目錄
第1章 喀斯特適生植物的適生機制 1
1.1 喀斯特典型土壤環(huán)境 3
1.1.1 碳酸鹽巖和石灰土 3
1.1.2 石灰土的形成及基本屬性 4
1.1.3 石灰土的酸堿特征 5
1.1.4 石灰土的持水特征 5
1.1.5 石灰土的養(yǎng)分特征 7
1.1.6 鈣鎂元素在碳酸鹽巖—石灰土—植物中的遷移特征 7
1.2 喀斯特適生植物的形態(tài)特征 9
1.2.1 葉片形態(tài)及解剖學(xué)特征 10
1.2.2 根、莖形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)及株型 13
1.3 植物的喀斯特適生性生理生態(tài)機制 17
1.3.1 光合作用機制 18
1.3.2 無機營養(yǎng)機制 25
1.3.3 碳酸酐酶作用機制 28
1.3.4 生物多樣性作用機制 36
1.3.5 鈣調(diào)控作用及高鈣適應(yīng)機制 46
1.3.6 根系分泌有機酸作用機制 50
1.4 植物的喀斯特適生性與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性 54
1.4.1 適生植物對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的水分的調(diào)節(jié) 54
1.4.2 適生植物對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的碳循環(huán)的調(diào)節(jié) 55
1.4.3 適生植物對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的營養(yǎng)循環(huán)的調(diào)節(jié) 56
1.4.4 適生植物對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性的決定作用 58
1.5 植物的喀斯特適生性與喀斯特地區(qū)生態(tài)修復(fù) 59
1.5.1 適生植物的篩選配置與植被恢復(fù) 60
1.5.2 植物的喀斯特適生性與森林經(jīng)營和管理 61
1.5.3 適生植物與喀斯特地區(qū)景觀構(gòu)建 62
1.5.4 喀斯特適生植物與喀斯特地區(qū)的生態(tài)經(jīng)濟 63
參考文獻 65
第2章 植物的碳酸酐酶與喀斯特適生性 89
2.1 植物碳酸酐酶的測定方法 91
2.1.1 碳酸酐酶的測定方法 91
2.1.2 利用銻微電極測定植物碳酸酐酶活力的電化學(xué)方法 93
2.1.3 植物碳酸酐酶活力測定的技術(shù)規(guī)程 105
2.2 喀斯特逆境下植物碳酸酐酶的響應(yīng) 107
2.2.1 碳酸酐酶對脫水的響應(yīng) 108
2.2.2 碳酸酐酶對模擬巖溶干旱的響應(yīng) 113
2.2.3 碳酸酐酶對重碳酸鹽的響應(yīng) 125
2.2.4 碳酸酐酶對低磷和低營養(yǎng)的響應(yīng) 129
2.2.5 碳酸酐酶對鹽分逆境的響應(yīng) 131
2.3 碳酸酐酶活力與喀斯特適生植物的鑒定 133
2.3.1 鑒定原理 133
2.3.2 技術(shù)規(guī)程 134
2.3.3 應(yīng)用實例 136
參考文獻 137
第3章 植物碳酸氫根離子利用能力的檢測 142
3.1 植物利用無機碳的途徑 143
3.1.1 植物的二氧化碳同化過程 144
3.1.2 植物對碳酸氫根離子的利用 154
3.1.3 喀斯特逆境下植物的無機碳利用策略 155
3.2 二氧化碳穩(wěn)定碳同位素組成日平均值的測定 157
3.2.1 原理 157
3.2.2 技術(shù)規(guī)程 159
3.2.3 應(yīng)用實例 161
3.3 野外生境下植物的碳酸氫根離子利用能力的檢測和評判 164
3.3.1 原理 165
3.3.2 技術(shù)規(guī)程 165
3.3.3 應(yīng)用實例 167
3.4 控制實驗下植物的碳酸氫根離子利用能力及總光合同化能力的檢測和評判 168
3.4.1 原理 169
3.4.2 技術(shù)規(guī)程 172
3.4.3 應(yīng)用實例 175
3.5 高效利用碳酸氫根離子植物的快速篩選 177
3.5.1 原理 178
3.5.2 技術(shù)規(guī)程 178
3.5.3 應(yīng)用實例 180
參考文獻 184
第4章 植物抗干旱能力的檢測 189
4.1 喀斯特適生植物水分利用特征 191
4.1.1 植物的水分代謝過程 192
4.1.2 植物對代謝水的利用 197
4.1.3 喀斯特逆境下植物的水分利用策略 197
4.2 植物的需水量與抗干旱能力 198
4.2.1 植物需水量的確定 199
4.2.2 干旱逆境下的植物需水量 200
4.2.3 利用指示植物的需水信息確定新型作物需水量 201
4.3 葉片緊張度與植物的水分狀況 208
4.3.1 葉片生理電容與葉片水勢 209
4.3.2 葉片緊張度 216
4.3.3 葉片緊張度測定方法 216
4.3.4 利用葉片緊張度反映植物水分狀況 222
4.4 利用電生理信息快速定量植物固有抗干旱能力的方法 227
4.4.1 原理 227
4.4.2 技術(shù)規(guī)程 227
4.4.3 應(yīng)用實例 230
4.5 利用葉綠素熒光信息快速定量植物固有抗干旱能力的方法 234
4.5.1 原理 234
4.5.2 技術(shù)規(guī)程 235
4.5.3 應(yīng)用實例 237
4.6 利用根系分泌的蘋果酸特征評估植物抗干旱脅迫能力 239
4.6.1 原理 239
4.6.2 技術(shù)規(guī)程 241
4.6.3 應(yīng)用實例 245
參考文獻 246
第5章 植物耐低營養(yǎng)能力的檢測 255
5.1 喀斯特適生植物的養(yǎng)分利用特征 256
5.1.1 植物對氮素的利用 256
5.1.2 植物對無機磷的利用 258
5.1.3 植物對微量元素的吸收利用 259
5.2 植物氮利用能力的檢測 260
5.2.1 植物耐低銨能力的檢測 261
5.2.2 植物利用硝酸鹽能力的測定 265
5.3 植物耐低磷能力的測定 268
5.3.1 基于離子吸收動力學(xué)特征的植物耐低磷能力的檢測 268
5.3.2 利用根系分泌有機酸特征檢測植物抗缺磷脅迫的能力 272
5.3.3 植物固有抗低磷脅迫能力的檢測 277
5.3.4 利用不同磷水平下鐵含量變化特征判定植物的喀斯特適應(yīng)性 281
參考文獻 286
第6章 植物光呼吸及1,5-二磷酸核酮糖再生能力的檢測 292
6.1 1,5-二磷酸核酮糖的來龍去脈 294
6.1.1 核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶的羧化作用 295
6.1.2 核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶的氧化作用 296
6.1.3 核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶對環(huán)境的響應(yīng)和調(diào)控 298
6.1.4 喀斯特適生植物核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶特征 300
6.2 基于光/二氧化碳響應(yīng)曲線的植物光呼吸份額的檢測 301
6.2.1 原理 302
6.2.2 技術(shù)規(guī)程 302
6.2.3 應(yīng)用實例 305
6.3 植物糖代謝中的糖酵解和磷酸戊糖途徑份額的檢測 307
6.3.1 原理 307
6.3.2 技術(shù)規(guī)程 309
6.3.3 應(yīng)用實例 312
6.4 植物光合生長力的檢測 314
6.4.1 原理 315
6.4.2 技術(shù)規(guī)程 315
6.4.3 應(yīng)用實例 319
6.5 植物1,5-二磷酸核酮糖再生能力的檢測 322
6.5.1 原理 323
6.5.2 技術(shù)規(guī)程 324
6.5.3 應(yīng)用實例 327
參考文獻 330
第7章 室內(nèi)培養(yǎng)植物的喀斯特適生性評價 337
7.1 模擬喀斯特逆境下植物的生長及生理響應(yīng) 338
7.1.1 模擬喀斯特逆境條件的選擇 338
7.1.2 植物生長和抗逆境能力的在線測定 340
7.1.3 生理指標的選擇和測定 345
7.1.4 不同植物生長及生理對不同逆境的響應(yīng)差異 348
7.2 植物對模擬喀斯特逆境的生理響應(yīng)與喀斯特適生性評價 351
7.2.1 構(gòu)樹和桑樹對不同喀斯特逆境的響應(yīng) 351
7.2.2 牽�；ā⒔疸y花和爬山虎對不同喀斯特逆境的響應(yīng) 361
7.2.3 麻瘋樹和楓楊對不同喀斯特逆境的響應(yīng) 383
7.2.4 綜合評價 389
參考文獻 391
第8章 自然生境下植物的喀斯特適生性評價 400
8.1 喬木樹種喀斯特適生性評價 402
8.1.1 形態(tài)及生態(tài)特征 402
8.1.2 光合特征 405
8.1.3 葉綠素熒光特征 416
8.1.4 碳酸酐酶變化特征 418
8.1.5 無機碳利用特征和水分利用特征 421
8.1.6 綜合評價 424
8.2 灌木樹種喀斯特適生性評價 425
8.2.1 形態(tài)及生態(tài)特征 426
8.2.2 光合特征 428
8.2.3 葉綠素熒光特征 438
8.2.4 碳酸酐酶變化特征 439
8.2.5 無機碳利用特征和水分利用特征 440
8.2.6 綜合評價 442
參考文獻 443
Contents
Chapter1 The adaptive mechanism of the karst-adaptable plants 1
1.1 Typical karstic soil environment 3
1.1.1 Carbonate versus calcareous soil 3
1.1.2 The formation and basic properties of calcareous soil 4
1.1.3 The acid base characteristics of calcareous soil 5
1.1.4 The water retention characteristics of calcareous soil 5
1.1.5 The nutrient characteristics of calcareous soil 7
1.1.6 Migration characteristics of calcium and magnesium among carbonate rocks, calcareous soil and the vegetation 7
1.2 Morphological characteristics of the karst-adaptable plants 9
1.2.1 Leaf morphological and anatomical characteristics 10
1.2.2 Morphological structure of roots, stems and plant types in plants 13
1.3 Physiological and ecological mechanisms of the karst-adaptable plants 17
1.3.1 Photosynthesis mechanism 18
1.3.2 Inorganic nutrition mechanism 25
1.3.3 Action mechanism of carbonic anhydrase 28
1.3.4 Biodiversity mechanism 36
1.3.5 Mechanism in the regulation of calcium and adaptation to the environment with high ［bicarbonate］ 46
1.3.6 The action mechanism of the root�瞖xuded organic acids 50
1.4 Plants’ adaptation to karst environment versusz the stability of ecosystem 54
1.4.1 Regulation of water cycle in karst ecosystem by the karst-adaptable plants 54
1.4.2 Regulation of carbon cycle in karst ecosystem by the karst-adaptable plants 55
1.4.3 Regulation of nutrient cycle in karst ecosystem by the karst�瞐daptable plants 56
1.4.4 The decisive role of the karst�瞐daptable plants on the stability of the karst ecosystem 58
1.5 Plants’ adaptation to karst environment versus the ecological restoration in karst area 59
1.5.1 Selection, allocation of the karst-adaptable plants versus vegetation restoration 60
1.5.2 Plants’ adaptation to karst environment versus the management and administration of forest 61
1.5.3 The karst-adaptable plants versus the landscape construction in karst area 62
1.5.4 The karst-adaptable plants versus the eco-economy in karst area 63
Reference 65
Chapter2 Carbonic anhydrase (CA) in plants versus plants’adaptation to karst environment 89
2.1 Determination on carbonic anhydrase in plants 91
2.1.1 Determination on CA 91
2.1.2 Electrochemical measurement on CA in plants by antimony microelectrode 93
2.1.3 Technical procedures of determination on CA in plants 105
2.2 Response of CA in plants to karst stress 107
2.2.1 Response of CA to dehydration 108
2.2.2 Response of CA to simulated karstic drought 113
2.2.3 Response of CA to bicarbonate 125
2.2.4 Response of CA to phosphate and nutrients deficiency 129
2.2 5 Response of CA to salt adversity 131
2.3 CA activity versus identification of the karst-adaptable plants 133
2.3.1 Principle 133
2.3.2 Technical procedure 134
2.3.3 Application examples 136
References 137
Chapter3 Measurement of bicarbonate utilization by plants 142
3.1 The utilization of inorganic carbon by plants 143
3.1.1 CO2 assimilation in plants 144
3.1.2 The utilization of bicarbonate by plants 154
3.1.3 Strategy of inorganic carbon utilization by plants underkarstic stresses 155
3.2 Measurement for the daily average value of stable carbon isotopic composition in atmospheric carbon dioxide 157
3.2.1 Principle 157
3.2.2 Technical procedures 159
3.2.3 Application examples 161
3.3 Determination and evaluation on the ability of bicarbonate utilization by plants under natural habitat 164
3.3.1 Principle 165
3.3.2 Technical procedures 165
3.3.3 Application examples 167
3.4 Determination and evaluation on bicarbonate utilization and total plant photosynthetic carbon assimilation capacity under control experiment 168
3.4.1 Principle 169
3.4.2 Technical procedures 172
3.4.3 Application examples 175
3.5 Rapid screening for the plants of high efficient use on bicarbonate 177
3.5.1 Principle 178
3.5.2 Technical procedures 178
3.5.3 Application examples 180
References 184
Chapter4 Determination on drought resistance of plants 189
4.1 Characteristics of water use by the karst-adaptable plants 191
4.1.1 Water metabolism in plants 192
4.1.2 Utilization of metabolic water by plants 197
4.1.3 Water use strategy of plants underkarstic stresses 197
4.2 Water requirement versus drought resistance of plants 198
4.2.1 Determination of water requirement in plants 199
4.2.2 Water requirement of plants under drought stress 201
4.2.3 Determine the water requirement of new types of crops using the water requirement information of indicator plant 208
4.3 Leaf tension versus water status in plants 209
4.3.1 Foliar physiological capacitance versus leaf water potential 216
4.3.2 Leaf tension 216
4.3.3 Determination of leaf tension 222
4.3.4 Water status represented by leaf tension in plants 227
4.4 Rapid quantifying the inherent drought resistance of plants using electrophysiological Information 227
4.4.1 Principle 227
4.4.2 Technical procedures 230
4.4.3 Application examples 234
4.5 Rapid quantifying the inherent drought resistance of plants using chlorophyll fluorescence information 234
4.5.1 Principle 235
4.5.2 Technical procedures 237
4.5.3 Application examples 239
4.6 Evaluations on the drought resistance of plants according to the characteristics of the root�瞖xuded malic acid 239
4.6.1 Principle 241
4.6.2 Technical procedures 245
4.6.3 Application examples 246
References 255
Chapter5 Determination on the low-nutrient tolerance of plants 255
5.1 Characteristics of nutrient utilization by the karst�瞐daptable plants 256
5.1.1 Nitrogen utilization by plants 256
5.1.2 Phosphate utilization by plants 258
5.1.3 The absorption and utilization of microelements by plants 259
5.2 Determination on the capacity of nitrogen use by plants 260
5.2.1 Determination for the plants’resistance to low-ammonium environment 261
5.2.2 Determination on the capacity of nitrate use by plants 265
5.3 Determination on the low-P tolerance of plants 268
5.3.1 Determination of low-P tolerance based on kinetics of ion absorption by plants 268
5.3.2 Determination for the resistance to P deficiency according to root�瞖xuded organic acids 272
5.3.3 Determination of inherent low-P tolerance 277
5.3.4 Determination on the plants’adaptation to karst environment according to the variation of iron content in plants under different phosphorus levels 281
References 286
Chapter6 Determination on photorespiration and regeneration of ribulose-1，5-disphosphate in plants 286
6.1 The ins and outs of ribulose-1，5-diphosphate 292
6.1.1 The carboxylation of ribulose -1，5-bishosphate carboxylase/oxygenase 294
6.1.2 The oxidation of ribulose-1，5-bishosphate carboxylase/oxygenase 295
6.1.3 Response and regulation of ribulose-1，5-bishosphate carboxylase/oxygenase on the environment 296
6.1.4 Characteristics of ribulose-1，5-bishosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in the karst�瞐daptable
Plants 298
6.2 Determination on the share of photorespiration in plant using the light/CO2 response curve 300
6.2.1 Principle 301
6.2.2 Technical procedures 302
6.2.3 Application examples 305
6.3 Determination on the share of glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway in glucose Metabolism 307
6.3.1 Principle 307
6.3.2 Technical procedures 309
6.3.3 Application examples 312
6.4 Determination on the photosynthetic�瞘rowth capability of plants 314
6.4.1 Principle 315
6.4.2 Technical procedures 315
6.4.3 Application examples 319
6.5 Determination on the regenerationribulose-1，5-diphosphate in plants 322
6.5.1 Principle 323
6.5.2 Technical procedures 324
6.5.3 Application examples 327
References 330
Chapter7 Evaluation on the plants’adaptation to karst environment under control experiment 337
7.1 The growth and physiological responses of plants under the simulated karstic stresses 338
7.1.1 The choice of simulated karstic stresses 338
7.1.2 The on-line measurement on growth and stress-resistance of plants 340
7.1.3 Selection and determination of physiological parameters 345
7.1.4 The growth and physiological response of plants to different stresses 348
7.2 Physiological responses of plants to simulated karstic stresses versus the evaluation on their adaptation to karst environment 351
7.2.1 The responses of Broussonetia papyrifera and Morus alba to different karstic stresses 351
7.2.2 The responses of Pharbitis nil, Lonicera japonica and Parthenocissus tricuspidata to different karstic stresses 361
7.2.3 The responses of Jatropha carcass and Pterocarya stenoptera to different karstic stresses 383
7.2.4 Synthetic evaluation 389
References 391
Chapter8 Evaluation on the plants�� adaptation to karst environment under natural Habitats 400
8.1 Evaluation on the karst-adaptability of tree species 402
8.1.1 Morphological and ecological characteristics 402
8.1.2 Photosynthetic characteristics 405
8.1.3 Chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics 416
8.1.4 Variation of carbonic anhydrase 418
8.1.5 Characteristics in water and inorganic carbon use 421
8.1.6 Synthetic evaluation 424
8.2 Evaluation on the karst-adaptability of shrub species 425
8.2.1 Morphological and ecological characteristics 426
8.2.2 Photosynthetic characteristics 428
8.2.3 Chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics 438
8.2.4 Variation characteristics of carbonic anhydrase 439
8.2.5 Characteristics in water and inorganic carbon use 440
8.2.6 Synthetic evaluation 442
References 443