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中國(guó)健康老齡發(fā)展趨勢(shì)和影響因素研究 讀者對(duì)象:本書適用于中國(guó)健康老齡研究領(lǐng)域的學(xué)者
本書借鑒、吸收和發(fā)展相關(guān)研究前沿方法,主要基于分析中國(guó)老年健康調(diào)查1998~2014年七次跟蹤調(diào)查的豐富數(shù)據(jù),深入探討中國(guó)健康老齡發(fā)展趨勢(shì)和影響因素。全書分四部分。*部分報(bào)告中國(guó)老年人生活自理能力、軀體功能、認(rèn)知功能、心理健康和死亡率的變化趨勢(shì)及特點(diǎn)。第二部分從家庭養(yǎng)老、社會(huì)養(yǎng)老及社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)自然環(huán)境三個(gè)層面深入討論健康老齡的影響因素及其作用機(jī)制。第三部分報(bào)告主要慢性病、炎癥、抗氧化、微量元素等生物醫(yī)學(xué)指標(biāo)對(duì)老齡健康的影響。第四部分以大樣本數(shù)據(jù)實(shí)證分析為依據(jù),從政策設(shè)計(jì)和實(shí)施的層面以及“大人口大健康”戰(zhàn)略角度討論中國(guó)應(yīng)對(duì)人口老化嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)的政策思考和建議。
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目錄
第一部分 中國(guó)健康老齡發(fā)展趨勢(shì)分析 第1章 為健康老齡研究提供數(shù)據(jù)支持:中國(guó)老年健康調(diào)查第六、七次調(diào)查概述 (3) 1.1 引言 (3) 1.2 中國(guó)老年健康調(diào)查設(shè)計(jì)及2011年和2014年第六、七次調(diào)查特點(diǎn) (4) 1.3 主要調(diào)查內(nèi)容 (6) 1.4 數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量評(píng)估 (8) 第2章 社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位對(duì)健康影響隨年齡增長(zhǎng)的變化趨勢(shì):“收斂”還是“發(fā)散”? (13) 2.1 引言 (13) 2.2 文獻(xiàn)綜述與研究設(shè)計(jì) (14) 2.3 數(shù)據(jù)和研究方法 (16) 2.4 研究結(jié)果 (19) 2.5 結(jié)語(yǔ) (26) 第3章 中國(guó)高齡老年人日常生活自理能力的年齡、性別、城鄉(xiāng)和區(qū)域差異及其變化趨勢(shì) (28) 3.1 引言 (28) 3.2 調(diào)查對(duì)象的基本狀況 (29) 3.3 中國(guó)高齡老人的日常生活自理能力狀況分析 (30) 3.4 結(jié)語(yǔ) (37) 第4章 中國(guó)高齡老人生活自理能力、軀體功能、認(rèn)知功能及死亡率變動(dòng)趨勢(shì)分析 (40) 4.1 引言 (40) 4.2 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源與研究方法 (42) 4.3 主要研究結(jié)果 (45) 4.4 結(jié)語(yǔ) (56) 本章附件 (60) 第5章 我國(guó)高齡老人家庭照料支持變動(dòng)趨勢(shì)研究 (62) 5.1 引言 (62) 5.2 國(guó)內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究進(jìn)展 (63) 5.3 主要數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)和研究方法 (64) 5.4 不同時(shí)期家庭對(duì)高齡老人的照料支持變動(dòng)情況 (67) 5.5 不同隊(duì)列高齡老人家庭照料支持的變動(dòng)情況 (74) 5.6 結(jié)語(yǔ) (79) 第6章 我國(guó)21世紀(jì)上半葉老年生活自理能力狀況和家庭照料需求成本變動(dòng)趨勢(shì)分析 (80) 6.1 引言 (80) 6.2 基本理論框架及老年家庭照料需求成本預(yù)測(cè)模型的建立 (82) 6.3 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源、估算及模擬預(yù)測(cè)方案設(shè)計(jì) (84) 6.4 估測(cè)分析結(jié)果 (89) 6.5 結(jié)語(yǔ) (101) 第二部分 健康老齡的影響因素研究 第7章 空巢模式對(duì)老年軀體健康與心理健康的影響 (107) 7.1 引言 (107) 7.2 空巢對(duì)老年健康影響的文獻(xiàn)回顧 (108) 7.3 研究路線 (110) 7.4 空巢對(duì)老年軀體健康與心理健康的影響 (113) 7.5 結(jié)語(yǔ) (121) 第8章 成年子女與老年父母家庭代際轉(zhuǎn)移的動(dòng)機(jī)及作用機(jī)制分析 (124) 8.1 引言 (124) 8.2 現(xiàn)有相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)及研究設(shè)計(jì) (126) 8.3 研究數(shù)據(jù)和方法介紹 (128) 8.4 研究發(fā)現(xiàn) (134) 8.5 結(jié)語(yǔ) (148) 第9章 老年人健康和生活滿意度的自我評(píng)價(jià)及其影響因素 (149) 9.1 引言 (149) 9.2 數(shù)據(jù)基本情況和分析方法 (151) 9.3 主要發(fā)現(xiàn) (157) 9.4 結(jié)語(yǔ) (159) 第10章 我國(guó)老年人自評(píng)健康的性別差異分析 (162) 10.1 引言 (162) 10.2 我國(guó)老年人自評(píng)健康的性別差異的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析 (164) 10.3 我國(guó)老年人自評(píng)健康性別差異分析 (167) 10.4 我國(guó)老年人自評(píng)健康性別差異的分解 (168) 10.5 結(jié)語(yǔ) (171) 第11章 老年人晚年照料需求強(qiáng)度的實(shí)證研究 (174) 11.1 引言 (174) 11.2 數(shù)據(jù)與方法 (176) 11.3 主要研究結(jié)果 (178) 11.4 結(jié)語(yǔ) (187) 第12章 城鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)療保障水平提高對(duì)老年人醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)、醫(yī)療服務(wù)利用和健康的影響 (189) 12.1 引言 (189) 12.2 按醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)類型分,老年人基本情況分析 (190) 12.3 老年人醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)變動(dòng)趨勢(shì) (196) 12.4 按醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)類型分的老年人醫(yī)療費(fèi)用、醫(yī)療服務(wù)使用和健康狀況變動(dòng)趨勢(shì) (200) 12.5 計(jì)量模型設(shè)定 (206) 12.6 保障水平提高對(duì)老年人醫(yī)療負(fù)擔(dān)、醫(yī)療服務(wù)利用和健康的影響 (207) 12.7 結(jié)語(yǔ) (211) 本章附件 (213) 第13章 新農(nóng)保對(duì)農(nóng)民養(yǎng)老模式的影響 (215) 13.1 引言 (215) 13.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧 (217) 13.3 理論框架和實(shí)證方法 (218) 13.4 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源及描述性統(tǒng)計(jì) (222) 13.5 實(shí)證分析結(jié)果與討論 (225) 13.6 結(jié)語(yǔ) (233) 第14章 新農(nóng)保對(duì)家庭代際轉(zhuǎn)移的影響 (235) 14.1 引言 (235) 14.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧 (236) 14.3 數(shù)據(jù)及描述性統(tǒng)計(jì) (238) 14.4 模型設(shè)定 (244) 14.5 實(shí)證分析結(jié)果 (247) 14.6 結(jié)語(yǔ) (252) 本章附件1 (255) 本章附件2 (256) 第15章 居住安排變化對(duì)老年人死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響 (257) 15.1 引言 (257) 15.2 老年人死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)影響因素的研究 (258) 15.3 數(shù)據(jù)與方法 (260) 15.4 分析結(jié)果 (265) 15.5 結(jié)語(yǔ) (269) 第16章 輕度認(rèn)知障礙老人死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響因素研究 (272) 16.1 引言 (272) 16.2 文獻(xiàn)回顧 (273) 16.3 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源、方法及變量測(cè)度 (274) 16.4 主要研究發(fā)現(xiàn) (277) 16.5 結(jié)語(yǔ) (285) 第17章 社區(qū)環(huán)境因素對(duì)老年健康和死亡的影響 (286) 17.1 引言 (286) 17.2 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源、變量定義與研究方法 (288) 17.3 分析結(jié)果 (293) 17.4 結(jié)語(yǔ) (299) 本章附件 (301) 第18章 環(huán)境與遺傳因素交互作用對(duì)老年健康的影響——相關(guān)前期研究綜述 (302) 18.1 引言 (302) 18.2 環(huán)境與遺傳因素交互作用對(duì)老齡健康影響的跨學(xué)科研究綜述 (303) 18.3 我們的相關(guān)前期研究概述 (305) 18.4 結(jié)語(yǔ) (311) 第三部分 老齡人群的生物醫(yī)學(xué)指標(biāo)分析 第19章 老齡人群慢性疾病與生物醫(yī)學(xué)指標(biāo)狀況及其影響因素研究 (315) 19.1 引言 (315) 19.2 長(zhǎng)壽地區(qū)老齡人群慢性病及有關(guān)健康指標(biāo)研究 (316) 19.3 老年人慢性病患病的影響因素 (320) 19.4 老年人膳食營(yíng)養(yǎng)與健康的關(guān)系 (323) 19.5 老年人日;顒(dòng)功能的影響因素 (323) 19.6 結(jié)語(yǔ) (326) 第20章 老齡人群認(rèn)知功能障礙及其生物醫(yī)學(xué)指標(biāo)研究 (327) 20.1 引言 (327) 20.2 老齡人群認(rèn)知功能障礙流行情況 (328) 20.3 認(rèn)知功能障礙的生物醫(yī)學(xué)指標(biāo) (329) 20.4 結(jié)語(yǔ) (338) 第21章 高齡人群死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)及其生物醫(yī)學(xué)指標(biāo)研究 (340) 21.1 引言 (340) 21.2 高齡人群的死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn) (341) 21.3 高齡人群死亡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的生物醫(yī)學(xué)指標(biāo)研究 (342) 21.4 結(jié)語(yǔ) (349) 第22章 硒與老齡健康 (351) 22.1 引言 (351) 22.2 環(huán)境硒水平與老年人群體內(nèi)硒水平 (352) 22.3 硒與老年認(rèn)知功能 (354) 22.4 硒與高血壓 (359) 22.5 硒與血脂異常 (360) 22.6 硒與糖尿病 (362) 22.7 結(jié)語(yǔ) (363) 第四部分 健康老齡相關(guān)政策分析 第23章 中國(guó)農(nóng)村老人長(zhǎng)期照料需求和供給現(xiàn)狀分析及相關(guān)政策建議 (367) 23.1 引言 (367) 23.2 中國(guó)農(nóng)村老人的長(zhǎng)期照料需求 (368) 23.3 中國(guó)農(nóng)村老人長(zhǎng)期照料的供給狀況 (370) 23.4 社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保障體系建設(shè)對(duì)老年照料的影響:社會(huì)養(yǎng)老保險(xiǎn)是否會(huì)擠出子女對(duì)老年人提供的照料 (373) 23.5 結(jié)語(yǔ):相關(guān)政策建議 (374) 第24章 兒童期社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)地位對(duì)中國(guó)老年健康的影響分析及相關(guān)政策建議 (376) 24.1 引言 (376) 24.2 文獻(xiàn)綜述 (377) 24.3 變量與研究方法 (379) 24.4 結(jié)果分析 (383) 24.5 結(jié)語(yǔ):相關(guān)政策建議 (387) 第25章 農(nóng)村老年人養(yǎng)老模式研究——來(lái)自村落調(diào)查的啟示 (389) 25.1 引言 (389) 25.2 研究地點(diǎn)與對(duì)象 (390) 25.3 數(shù)據(jù)與方法 (391) 25.4 研究結(jié)果 (392) 25.5 結(jié)語(yǔ):相關(guān)政策建議 (399) 第26章 多代同堂模式的福利效應(yīng)分析:老人與子女的互利共贏 (402) 26.1 引言 (402) 26.2 多代同堂模式對(duì)老年健康的影響:心理慰藉甚于生理照護(hù) (405) 26.3 多代同堂模式對(duì)女性勞動(dòng)參與的影響:家有一老如有一寶 (406) 26.4 結(jié)語(yǔ):關(guān)于“把家庭找回來(lái)”的政策建議 (407) 第27章 “普遍允許二孩”政策大大有利于應(yīng)對(duì)人口老化嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn) (410) 27.1 引言 (410) 27.2 多維家庭人口預(yù)測(cè)方法及不同生育政策方案下相關(guān)參數(shù)的估計(jì)和假定 (412) 27.3 “普遍允許二孩”在應(yīng)對(duì)人口老化嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)方面顯著優(yōu)于“只開放雙單獨(dú)” (413) 27.4 “普遍允許二孩”在其他許多方面優(yōu)于“只開放雙單獨(dú)” (418) 27.5 結(jié)語(yǔ):抓緊全面實(shí)施“普遍允許二孩”與其他兩項(xiàng)應(yīng)對(duì)人口老化挑戰(zhàn)重大戰(zhàn)略 (421) 第28章 整合衛(wèi)生計(jì)生服務(wù)與老齡工作,促進(jìn)億萬(wàn)家庭福祉 (423) 28.1 引言 (423) 28.2 家庭戶小型化與結(jié)構(gòu)變化趨勢(shì) (426) 28.3 家庭戶小型化對(duì)人口老化、能源消費(fèi)及可持續(xù)發(fā)展的影響 (428) 28.4 結(jié)語(yǔ):關(guān)于盡快整合衛(wèi)生、計(jì)劃生育與老齡工作的政策建議 (430) 結(jié)束語(yǔ):進(jìn)一步深入研究的展望 (433) 參考文獻(xiàn) (437) 附錄1 中國(guó)老年健康調(diào)查第六、七次調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量評(píng)估 (478) 附錄2 我們團(tuán)隊(duì)2012~2017年組織的四次國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)和培訓(xùn) (494) 附錄3 我們團(tuán)隊(duì)2012~2017年組織的四次國(guó)際學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì) (497) 索引 (500) Contents Part 1 Trends of Healthy Aging in China Chapter 1 Introduction to CLHLS Survey: The 6th and 7th Waves (3) 1.1 Introduction (3) 1.2 Survey Design and Characteristics of the 6th Wave in 2011 and 7th Wave in 2014 (4) 1.3 Main Contents of the Survey (6) 1.4 Data Quality Assessment (8) Chapter 2 Changes in Socioeconomic Status as Determinants of Health with Increase in Ages: Convergence or Divergence? (13) 2.1 Introduction (13) 2.2 Literature Review and Research Design (14) 2.3 Data and Research Methods (16) 2.4 Research Results (19) 2.5 Conclusion (26) Chapter 3 The Age, Gender , Urban-Rural and Regional Differences in Dynamic Changes of Activity of Daily Living Among the Chinese Oldest-old (28) 3.1 Introduction (28) 3.2 Basic Information of Respondents (29) 3.3 Results of the Analysis for Activity of Daily Living Among the Chinese Oldest-old (30) 3.4 Conclusion (37) Chapter 4 Trends of Dynamic Changes in Activities of Daily Living, Physical Performance, Cognitive Function and Mortality Rates Among the Oldest-old in China (40) 4.1 Introduction (40) 4.2 Data Sources and Research Methods (42) 4.3 Main Research Results (45) 4.4 Conclusion (56) Anneses (60) Chapter 5 Trends of Dynamic Changes of Family Support for the Chinese Oldest-old (62) 5.1 Introduction (62) 5.2 Progress of Related Research Domestic and Overseas (63) 5.3 Main Data Resource and Research Methods (64) 5.4 Changes of Family Support for the Oldest-old in Different Periods (67) 5.5 Changes of Family Support for the Oldest-old from Different Cohorts (74) 5.6 Conclusion (79) Chapter 6 Analysis on Trends of Activities of Daily Living among the Chinese Elderly and Their Future Home-based Care Needs and Costs in the First Half of the 21st Century (80) 6.1 Introduction (80) 6.2 Basic Theoretical Framework and Multistate Projection Model for Home-based Care Needs and Costs for the Elderly (82) 6.3 Data Sources, Estimates and Parameters Assumptions (84) 6.4 Projection Results (89) 6.5 Conclusion (101) Part 2 Determinants of Healthy Aging Chapter 7 The Impact of Empty-Nested Living on Physical and Psychological Health Among Elderly (107) 7.1 Introduction (107) 7.2 The Literature Review of the Effects of Empty-Nested on the Health Among Elderly (108) 7.3 Research Design (110) 7.4 The Impact of Empty-Nested Living on Physical and Psychological Health Among Elderly (113) 7.5 Conclusion (121) Chapter 8 The Motives and Mechanisms of Intergenerational Transfer Between Adult Children and Elderly Parents (124) 8.1 Introduction (124) 8.2 Literature Review and Research Design (126) 8.3 Research Data and Methods (128) 8.4 Research Findings (134) 8.5 Conclusion (148) Chapter 9 Self-Assessment of Health and Life Satisfaction, the Determinants Among Elderly (149) 9.1 Introduction (149) 9.2 Data Fundamentals and Research Methods (151) 9.3 Key Findings (157) 9.4 Conclusion (159) Chapter 10 The Analysis on Gender Difference in Self-Rated Health Among Elderly in China (162) 10.1 Introduction (162) 10.2 Descriptive Analysis on Gender Difference in Self-Rated Health Among Elderly in China (164) 10.3 Multivariate Statistical Analysis on Gender Difference in Self-Rated Health Among Elderly in China (167) 10.4 Decomposition Analysis on Gender Difference in Self-Rated Health Among Elderly in China (168) 10.5 Conclusion (171) Chapter 11 A Study on the Intensity of Care Needs Among the Chinese Elderly in Later Life (174) 11.1 Introduction (174) 11.2 Data and Research Methods (176) 11.3 Key Research Results (178) 11.4 Conclusion (187) Chapter 12 The Impacts of Improved Urban and Rural Medical Security Level on Health Care Utilization, Financial Burden and Health Status Among the Elderly (189) 12.1 Introduction (189) 12.2 Analysis of the Basic Characteristics of the Elderly According to the Type of Medical Insurance (190) 12.3 Changing Trend of Medical Burden Among the Elderly (196) 12.4 Changing Trend of the Medical Expenses, Health Care Utilization and Health Status of the Elderly (200) 12.5 Econometric Model Design (206) 12.6 The Impacts of Improving Social Security on Health Care Utilization, Financial Burden and Health Status Among the Elderly (207) 12.7 Conclusion (211) Anneses (213) Chapter 13 The Impacts of the New Rural Pension Scheme on the Elder-care Pattern in Rural China (215) 13.1 Introduction (215) 13.2 Literature Review (217) 13.3 Theoretical Framework and Empirical Analysis Approach (218) 13.4 Data Sources and Descriptive Statistics (222) 13.5 Results of Empirical Analysis and Discussion (225) 13.6 Conclusion (233) Chapter 14 Effects of the New Rural Society Endowment Insurance Program on Intergenerational Transfer (235) 14.1 Introduction (235) 14.2 Literature Review (236) 14.3 Data and Descriptive Statistics (238) 14.4 Econometric Model Design (244) 14.5 Result of Empirical Analysis (247) 14.6 Conclusion (252) Annese 1 (255) Annese 2 (256) Chapter 15 Impacts of Changes in Living Arrangements on Elderly Mortality Risk (257) 15.1 Introduction (257) 15.2 Study on the factors affecting the death risk of the elderly (258) 15.3 Data and Research Methods (260) 15.4 Results of the Analysis (265) 15.5 Conclusion (269) Chapter 16 Analysis on Influence Factors on Mortality Risk of the Elderly with Mild Cognitive Impairment (272) 16.1 Introduction (272) 16.2 Literature Review (273) 16.3 Data Sources, Research Methods and Measures (274) 16.4 Key Research Findings (277) 16.5 Conclusion (285) Chapter 17 Associations of Community Environmental Factors with Elderly Health and Mortality (286) 17.1 Introduction (286) 17.2 Data Sources, Variable Definitions and Research Methods (288) 17.3 Results of the Analysis (293) 17.4 Conclusion (299) Anneses (301) Chapter 18 Effects of Interactions Between Environmental and Genetic Factors on Health Aging: A Review on the Relevant Prior Research (302) 18.1 Introduction (302) 18.2 The Review of Interdisciplinary Research on Effects of Interactions Between Environmental and Genetic Factors on Health Aging (303) 18.3 An Overview of Our Previous Research (305) 18.4 Conclusion (311) Part 3 Analyses of Biomarkers of the Elderly Chapter 19 Chronic Diseases, Biomarkers and Their Influencing Factors in the Elderly (315) 19.1 Introduction (315) 19.2 Analysis on Chronic Diseases and Related Biomarkers of the Elderly in the Longevity Regions (316) 19.3 Influencing Factors of the Elderly’s Chronic Diseases (320) 19.4 Relationship Between the Elderly’s Dietary Nutrition and Health (323) 19.5 Influencing Factors of ADL in the Elderly (323) 19.6 Conclusion (326) Chapter 20 Cognitive Impairment and Biomarkers in the Older Adults (327) 20.1 Introduction (327) 20.2 Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment in the Older Adults (328) 20.3 Biomarkers of Cognitive Impairment (329) 20.4 Conclusion (338) Chapter 21 Mortality Risk and Biomarkers Among the Oldest-old (340) 21.1 Introduction (340) 21.2 Mortality Risk of the Oldest-old (341) 21.3 Analysis on Biomarkers of Mortality Risk of the Oldest-old (342) 21.4 Conclusion (349) Chapter 22 Selenium and Healthy Aging (351) 22.1 Introduction (351) 22.2 Selenium level in the Environment and in the Elderly’s Body (352) 22.3 Selenium and Cognitive Function of the Elderly (354) 22.4 Selenium and Hypertension (359) 22.5 Selenium and Dyslipidemia (360) 22.6 Selenium and Diabetes (362) 22.7 Conclusion (363) Part 4 Healthy Aging Related Policy Analyses Chapter 23 Demand and Supply of Long-term Care among Elderly in Rural Areas of China and Policy Implications (367) 23.1 Introduction (367) 23.2 Demand of Long-term Care Among Elderly in Rural Areas (368) 23.3 Supply of Long-term Care Among Elderly in Rural Areas (370) 23.4 The Impacts of Social Pension System on Care for the Elderly: Would Social Pension Insurance Crowd out Care from Children (373) 23.5 Conclusion: Policy Recommendations (374) Chapter 24 Impacts of Childhood Socioeconomic Status on Health of Chinese and Elderly, Policy Implications (376) 24.1 Introduction (376) 24.2 Literature Review (377) 24.3 Variables and Research Method (379) 24.4 Analysis of the Results (383) 24.5 Conclusion: Policy Recommendation (387) Chapter 25 Pattern of Old-age Care in Rural China—Lessons Learned from Fieldworks in the Villages (389) 25.1 Introduction (389) 25.2 Research Location and Objects (390) 25.3 Data and Methods (391) 25.4 Research Results (392) 25.5 Conclusion: Policy Recommendations (399) Chapter 26 Welfare Implications of Intergenerational Co-residence: Mutual Benefits for the Elderly and Their Children (402) 26.1 Introduction (402) 26.2 The Impact of Intergenerational Co-residence on Health Among the Elderly: Mental Consolation is More than Physical Caregiving (405) 26.3 The Impact of Intergenerational Co-residence on the Female Labor Force Participation: Elderly are Treasures in the Family (406) 26.4 Conclusion: Policy Recommendation About “Bring the Family Back” (407) Chapter 27 Implementing the “Universal Two-child Policy” Is Largely Beneficial for Facing the Serious Challenges of Population Aging (410) 27.1 Introduction (410) 27.2 The Estimation and Assumptions of Parameters for the Multistate Family Households Projections Under Different Scenarios of Fertility Policies (412) 27.3 “Universal Two-child Policy” Is Much Better Than “Allowing Two Children if One or Both of the Parents Are the Only Child” in Terms of Dealing with the Serious Challenges of Population Aging (413) 27.4 “Universal Two-child Policy” Is Much Better Than “Allowing Two Children if One or Both of the Parents Are the Only Child” in the Other Aspects (418) 27.5 Policy Recommendations: Urge for the Full Implementation of “Universal Two-child Policy” and Two Other Important Strategies to Face the Serious Challenges of Population Aging (421) Chapter 28 Integrate Administrations of Health, Family Planning, and Population Aging, to Promote Well-being of Billions Families (423) 28.1 Introduction (423) 28.2 The Trend of Household Miniaturization and Structural Change (426) 28.3 The Impacts of Household Miniaturization on Population Aging, Energy Consumption and Sustainable Development (428) 28.4 Policy Recommendations: Urge for the Integration of Health, Family Planning and Population Aging Administrations (430) Closing Remarks: Further Study Prospects (433) Bibliography (437) Appendix 1 Data Quality Assessment of the 6th and 7th Waves CLHLS (478) Appendix 2 Summary Notes of the Domestic Seminars and Training Workshops: 2012~2017 (494) Appendix 3 Summary Notes of the International Seminars: 2012~2017 (497) Index (500)
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